Journal ArticleDOI
The spectrum of modulated pulses
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In this paper, the spectrum of a train of rectangular pulses sinusoidally modulated in any one of these ways is derived, and it is shown that in none of these methods is there any harmonic distortion or audio crosstalk.Abstract:
Some methods proposed for evaluating the spectra of modulated pulse trains are discussed. The basic pulse-frequency, -phase, -length and -amplitude modulation systems are defined and the spectrum of a train of rectangular pulses sinusoidally modulated in any one of these ways is derived. Modulation by more than one tone is also considered. It is shown that in none of these methods is there any harmonic distortion or audio crosstalk. Anharmonic distortion arises from sidebands of harmonics of the pulse repetition frequency, and graphs are given to illustrate its magnitude. The formulae are extended to cover non-rectangular pulses, and it is shown that the distortions to be expected are practically the same as for rectangular pulses. The reproduction of transients is briefly examined. It seems that they suffer little distortion in form but that their timing is modified by the pulse modulation, the maximum time-shift being half the pulse repetition period.read more
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Small-signal analysis of DCM flyback converter in frequency-foldback mode of operation
Laszlo Huber,Milan M. Jovanovic +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the discrepancy between the conventional averaged small-signal model and measurements and found that the source of this discrepancy is the nonlinearity of the VCO that generates sideband frequency components and therefore cannot be modeled as a constant-gain transfer function.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Frequency-encoded integrators applied to filtering and sigma-delta modulation
TL;DR: A theoretical approach to the problem of replicating continuous-time systems with frequency modulated oscillators is proposed, in which a VCO is considered a signal encoder instead of an integrator for the design of a band pass-sigma delta modulator.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oversampled ADC based on pulse frequency modulator and TDC
Luis Hernandez,Eric Gutierrez +1 more
TL;DR: Replacing the ring oscillator by a pulse frequency modulator (PFM) that provides improved linearity at the expense of feedback and analogue amplification is proposed to provide a high dynamic range and may be more tolerant to circuit impairments.
Journal ArticleDOI
A bibliography on noise
TL;DR: This bibliography is an attempt to collect a reasonably complete set of references pertaining primarily to fluctuation type noise, characteristic of shot and thermal noise, up to the year 1954, which touch upon such diverse fields as electrical engineering, aerodynamics, quantum mechanics, mathematical statistics, and pure mathematics.
Journal ArticleDOI
New method for the assessment of neonatal respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
TL;DR: It is shown that the analysis of the cardiac event series may reveal RSA in cases where traditional heart rate variability analysis methods fail, and the event series spectrum of a neonate shows a RSA component at 0·9 Hz, which was in agreement with the frequency of the simultaneously measured respiration.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Transmission of Television Sound on the Picture Carrier
TL;DR: In this article, the advantages of duplex transmission were analyzed from the point of view of signal-to-noise ratio, audio fidelity, and transmitter and receiver design. But the advantages were not as great as the ratio offered by the transmission of a standard frequency-modulated carrier.
Journal ArticleDOI
A method of transmitting sound on the vision carrier of a television system
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a television system in which sound pulses having a constant height and variable width are inserted in the line synchronizing periods, which leads to a simplified receiver and improves the program quality in the presence of severe interference.
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