The Stability of N-Ethylmaleimide and its Reaction with Sulfhydryl Groups
01 Jul 1955-Journal of the American Chemical Society (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 77, Iss: 14, pp 3922-3923
About: This article is published in Journal of the American Chemical Society.The article was published on 1955-07-01. It has received 336 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The use of the foregoing analytical method in the determination of total and oxidized glutathione contents of rat blood, kidney, and liver gave values in good agreement with those obtained by previous investigators.
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TL;DR: A two-step pathway from l-serine to l-cysteine is described in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, with low or undetectable levels of serine transacetylase and variable levels of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase.
428 citations
TL;DR: This critical review aims to guide researchers interested in modifying surfaces with a high degree of control to the use of organic layers to some of the issues to consider when working with SAMs.
Abstract: The modification of surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing multiple different molecules, or containing molecules with multiple different functional components, or both, has become increasingly popular over the last two decades. This explosion of interest is primarily related to the ability to control the modification of interfaces with something approaching molecular level control and to the ability to characterise the molecular constructs by which the surface is modified. Over this time the level of sophistication of molecular constructs, and the level of knowledge related to how to fabricate molecular constructs on surfaces have advanced enormously. This critical review aims to guide researchers interested in modifying surfaces with a high degree of control to the use of organic layers. Highlighted are some of the issues to consider when working with SAMs, as well as some of the lessons learnt (169 references).
413 citations
TL;DR: The use of mono- and dibromomaleimides for reversible cysteine modification and illustration on the SH2 domain of the Grb2 adaptor protein (L111C) highlight the significant potential for this new class of reagents in protein modification.
Abstract: The maleimide motif is widely used for the selective chemical modification of cysteine residues in proteins. Despite widespread utilization, there are some potential limitations, including the irreversible nature of the reaction and, hence, the modification and the number of attachment positions. We conceived of a new class of maleimide which would address some of these limitations and provide new opportunities for protein modification. We report herein the use of mono- and dibromomaleimides for reversible cysteine modification and illustrate this on the SH2 domain of the Grb2 adaptor protein (L111C). After initial modification of a protein with a bromo- or dibromomaleimide, it is possible to add an equivalent of a second thiol to give further bioconjugation, demonstrating that bromomaleimides offer opportunities for up to three points of attachment. The resultant protein-maleimide products can be cleaved to regenerate the unmodified protein by addition of a phosphine or a large excess of a thiol. Furthermore, dibromomaleimide can insert into a disulfide bond, forming a maleimide bridge, and this is illustrated on the peptide hormone somatostatin. Fluorescein-labeled dibromomaleimide is synthesized and inserted into the disulfide to construct a fluorescent somatostatin analogue. These results highlight the significant potential for this new class of reagents in protein modification.
325 citations
TL;DR: An upconversion fluorescence detection method based on manganese dioxide-nanosheet-modified upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for rapid, sensitive detection of glucose levels in human serum and whole blood.
Abstract: Blood glucose monitoring has attracted extensive attention because diabetes mellitus is a worldwide public health problem. Here, we reported an upconversion fluorescence detection method based on manganese dioxide (MnO2)-nanosheet-modified upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for rapid, sensitive detection of glucose levels in human serum and whole blood. In this strategy, MnO2 nanosheets on the UCNP surface serve as a quencher. UCNP fluorescence can make a recovery by the addition of H2O2, which can reduce MnO2 to Mn2+, and the glucose can thus be monitored based on the enzymatic conversion of glucose by glucose oxidase to generate H2O2. Because of the nonautofluorescent assays offered by UCNPs, the developed method has been applied to monitor glucose levels in human serum and whole blood samples with satisfactory results. The proposed approach holds great potential for diabetes mellitus research and clinical diagnosis. Meanwhile, this nanosystem is also generalizable and can be easily expanded to the dete...
292 citations