The standardized EEG electrode array of the IFCN

doi:10.1016/J.CLINPH.2017.06.254

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The standardized EEG electrode array of the IFCN

Journal Article•DOI•

The standardized EEG electrode array of the IFCN

Margitta Seeck, Laurent Koessler¹, Thomas Bast, Frans S. S. Leijten², Christoph M. Michel³, Christoph Baumgartner⁴, Bin He⁵, Sándor Beniczky⁶ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (6)

Centre national de la recherche scientifique¹, Utrecht University², University of Geneva³, Sigmund Freud University Vienna⁴, University of Minnesota⁵, Aarhus University⁶

01 Oct 2017-Clinical Neurophysiology (Elsevier)-Vol. 128, Iss: 10, pp 2070-2077

TL;DR: A basic array of 25 electrodes including the inferior temporal chain is proposed, which should be used for all standard clinical recordings and nomenclature in the basic array is consistent with the 10-10-system.

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About: This article is published in Clinical Neurophysiology.The article was published on 2017-10-01. It has received 268 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: 10-20 system & Electrode array.

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Journal Article•DOI•

EEG Source Imaging: A Practical Review of the Analysis Steps.

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Christoph M. Michel¹, Denis Brunet¹•Institutions (1)

University of Geneva¹

04 Apr 2019-Frontiers in Neurology

TL;DR: This review explains several steps needed to pass from the recording of the EEG to 3-dimensional images of neuronal activity and illustrates them in a comprehensive analysis pipeline integrated in a stand-alone freely available academic software: Cartool.

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Abstract: The electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the oldest technologies to measure neuronal activity of the human brain. It has its undisputed value in clinical diagnosis, particularly (but not exclusively) in the identification of epilepsy and sleep disorders and in the evaluation of dysfunctions in sensory transmission pathways. With the advancement of digital technologies, the analysis of EEG has moved from pure visual inspection of amplitude and frequency modulations over time to a comprehensive exploration of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the recorded signals. Today, EEG is accepted as a powerful tool to capture brain function with the unique advantage of measuring neuronal processes in the time frame in which these processes occur, namely in the sub-second range. However, it is generally stated that EEG suffers from a poor spatial resolution that makes it difficult to infer to the location of the brain areas generating the neuronal activity measured on the scalp. This statement has challenged a whole community of biomedical engineers to offer solutions to localize more precisely and more reliably the generators of the EEG activity. High-density EEG systems combined with precise information of the head anatomy and sophisticated source localization algorithms now exist that convert the EEG to a true neuroimaging modality. With these tools in hand and with the fact that EEG still remains versatile, inexpensive and portable, electrical neuroimaging has become a widely used technology to study the functions of the pathological and healthy human brain. However, several steps are needed to pass from the recording of the EEG to 3-dimensional images of neuronal activity. This review explains these different steps and illustrates them in a comprehensive analysis pipeline integrated in a stand-alone freely available academic software: Cartool. The information about how the different steps are performed in Cartool is only meant as a suggestion. Other EEG source imaging software may apply similar or different approaches to the different steps.

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341 citations

Cites background from "The standardized EEG electrode arra..."

...It has therefore been recommended that at least 3 inferior electrodes on each side should be added to the standard 10–20 system in clinical routine (64)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Systematic Review on Resting-State EEG for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis and Progression Assessment

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Raymundo Cassani¹, Mar Estarellas¹, Mar Estarellas², Rodrigo San-Martin³, Francisco J. Fraga³, Tiago H. Falk¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Institut national de la recherche scientifique¹, Imperial College London², Universidade Federal do ABC³

04 Oct 2018-Disease Markers

TL;DR: Recommendations for future studies with resting-state EEG were presented to improve and facilitate the knowledge transfer among research groups and to provide a general overview of the research on this noninvasive AD diagnosis technique.

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Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for nearly 70% of the more than 46 million dementia cases estimated worldwide. Although there is no cure for AD, early diagnosis and an accurate characterization of the disease progression can improve the quality of life of AD patients and their caregivers. Currently, AD diagnosis is carried out using standardized mental status examinations, which are commonly assisted by expensive neuroimaging scans and invasive laboratory tests, thus rendering the diagnosis time consuming and costly. Notwithstanding, over the last decade, electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a noninvasive alternative technique for the study of AD, competing with more expensive neuroimaging tools, such as MRI and PET. This paper reports on the results of a systematic review on the utilization of resting-state EEG signals for AD diagnosis and progression assessment. Recent journal articles obtained from four major bibliographic databases were analyzed. A total of 112 journal articles published from January 2010 to February 2018 were meticulously reviewed, and relevant aspects of these papers were compared across articles to provide a general overview of the research on this noninvasive AD diagnosis technique. Finally, recommendations for future studies with resting-state EEG were presented to improve and facilitate the knowledge transfer among research groups.

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190 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Electrophysiological Source Imaging: A Noninvasive Window to Brain Dynamics.

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Bin He¹, Abbas Sohrabpour², Emery N. Brown³, Zhongming Liu⁴•Institutions (4)

Carnegie Mellon University¹, University of Minnesota², Massachusetts Institute of Technology³, Purdue University⁴

04 Jun 2018-Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

TL;DR: Qualitative developments in electrophysiological source imaging over the past three decades are reviewed and its future advancement is envisioned into a powerful functional neuroimaging technology for basic and clinical neuroscience applications.

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Abstract: Brain activity and connectivity are distributed in the three-dimensional space and evolve in time. It is important to image brain dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution. Electroencephal...

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160 citations

Cites background from "The standardized EEG electrode arra..."

...A recent guideline from the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology suggests that at least 64 channels of EEG should be used for ESI (20)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Electrophysiological Brain Connectivity: Theory and Implementation

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Bin He¹, Laura Astolfi², Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa³, Daniele Marinazzo⁴, Satu Palva, Christian-George Bénar⁵, Christoph M. Michel⁶, Thomas Koenig⁷ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (7)

Carnegie Mellon University¹, Sapienza University of Rome², University of Electronic Science and Technology of China³, Ghent University⁴, Aix-Marseille University⁵, University of Geneva⁶, University of Bern⁷

07 May 2019-IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

TL;DR: This tutorial is aimed at providing an introduction to brain functional connectivity from electrophysiological signals, including electroencephalographic, magnetoencephalography, electrocorticography, and stereoelectroencephalographers.

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Abstract: We review the theory and algorithms of electrophysiological brain connectivity analysis. This tutorial is aimed at providing an introduction to brain functional connectivity from electrophysiological signals, including electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, electrocorticography, and stereoelectroencephalography. Various connectivity estimators are discussed, and algorithms introduced. Important issues for estimating and mapping brain functional connectivity with electrophysiology are discussed.

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148 citations

Cites background from "The standardized EEG electrode arra..."

...An important issue in ESI is the adequate spatial sampling....
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...A recent guideline of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology recommends that at least 64 channels of EEG should be used for ESI [132]....
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...Studies indicate that higher spatial sampling helps improve substantially the precision of EEG based ESI [278], [279]....
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...The principle of ESI is to reconstruct brain sources from EEG/MEG while accounting for the effect of volume conduction or field propagation....
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...The electrophysiological source imaging (ESI) is the process of estimating neural electrical activity underlying non-invasive electromagnetic measurements such as EEG and MEG [111]– [115] (see Fig....
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Journal Article•DOI•

International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) – EEG research workgroup: Recommendations on frequency and topographic analysis of resting state EEG rhythms. Part 1: Applications in clinical research studies

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Claudio Babiloni¹, Robert J. Barry², Erol Başar³, Katarzyna J. Blinowska⁴, Andrzej Cichocki⁵, Wilhelmus Drinkenburg⁶, Wolfgang Klimesch⁷, Rob Knight⁸, Fernando H. Lopes da Silva⁹, Paul L. Nunez, Robert Oostenveld¹⁰, Jaeseung Jeong¹¹, Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui¹², Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa¹³, Mark Hallett - Show less +11 more•Institutions (13)

Sapienza University of Rome¹, University of Wollongong², Dokuz Eylül University³, University of Warsaw⁴, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology⁵, Janssen Pharmaceutica⁶, University of Salzburg⁷, University of California, Berkeley⁸, University of Amsterdam⁹, Radboud University Nijmegen¹⁰, KAIST¹¹, University of Zurich¹², University of Electronic Science and Technology of China¹³

01 Jan 2020-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: A Workgroup of IFCN experts presents unanimous recommendations on the following procedures relevant for the topographic and frequency analysis of resting state EEGs (rsEEGs) in clinical research, and endorsed the use of the most promising "synchronization" and "connectivity" features for clinical research.

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144 citations

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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•

The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation

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Herbert H. Jasper

01 Jan 1958-Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: During the First International EEG Congress, London in 1947, it was recommended that Dr. Herbert H. Jasper study methods to standardize the placement of electrodes used in EEG (Jasper 1958).

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7,166 citations

"The standardized EEG electrode arra..." refers background or methods in this paper

...A-C: Placement of the standard electrodes of the 10–20-system (modified from K lease cite this article in press as: Seeck M et al. The standardized EEG electrod linph.2017.06.254 (Klem et al., 1999)....
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...First, the 10–20 system of the International Federation was developed by Herbert H. Jasper and his co-workers (Jasper, 1958), resulting in the first published guidelines in 1999 (Klem et al., 1999)....
[...]
...Jasper and his co-workers (Jasper, 1958), resulting in the first published guidelines in 1999 (Klem et al., 1999)....
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...Anatomical studies showed that using the measurements described here, C electrodes are located 1 cm within the central sulcus (Klem et al., 1999)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain.

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Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui, Christoph M. Michel¹, Dietrich Lehmann²•Institutions (2)

Geneva College¹, University of Zurich²

01 Oct 1994-International Journal of Psychophysiology

TL;DR: A direct comparison of the tomography results with those obtained from fitting one and two dipoles illustrates that the new method provides physiologically meaningful results while dipolar solutions fail in many situations.

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2,729 citations

"The standardized EEG electrode arra..." refers background in this paper

...distributed current source models (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994; Dale and Sereno, 1993) which parcel the whole brain (or cortex) into small regions and determine which electrical current distribution in each of these regions most likely gives rise to the measured scalp field....
[...]
...…why the epileptic focus was never seen in standard scalp recordings. magnetoencephalographic source imaging; 2. distributed current source models (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994; Dale and Sereno, 1993) which parcel the whole brain (or cortex) into small regions and determine which electrical…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Improved localizadon of cortical activity by combining eeg and meg with mri cortical surface reconstruction: A linear approach

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Anders M. Dale¹, Martin I. Sereno•Institutions (1)

University of California, San Diego¹

01 Apr 1993-Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

TL;DR: Model studies suggest that the author may be able to localize multiple cortical sources with spatial resolution as good as PET with this technique, while retaining a much finer grained picture of activity over time.

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Abstract: We describe a comprehensive linear approach to the problem of imaging brain activity with high temporal as well as spatial resolution based on combining EEG and MEG data with anatomical constraints derived from MRI images. The "inverse problem" of estimating the distribution of dipole strengths over the cortical surface is highly underdetermined, even given closely spaced EEG and MEG recordings. We have obtained much better solutions to this problem by explicitly incorporating both local cortical orientation as well as spatial covariance of sources and sensors into our formulation. An explicit polygonal model of the cortical manifold is first constructed as follows: (1) slice data in three orthogonal planes of section (needle-shaped voxels) are combined with a linear deblurring technique to make a single high-resolution 3-D image (cubic voxels), (2) the image is recursively flood-filled to determine the topology of the gray-white matter border, and (3) the resulting continuous surface is refined by relaxing it against the original 3-D gray-scale image using a deformable template method, which is also used to computationally flatten the cortex for easier viewing. The explicit solution to an error minimization formulation of an optimal inverse linear operator (for a particular cortical manifold, sensor placement, noise and prior source covariance) gives rise to a compact expression that is practically computable for hundreds of sensors and thousands of sources. The inverse solution can then be weighted for a particular (averaged) event using the sensor covariance for that event. Model studies suggest that we may be able to localize multiple cortical sources with spatial resolution as good as PET with this technique, while retaining a much finer grained picture of activity over time.

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1,950 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements

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Robert Oostenveld, Peter Praamstra¹•Institutions (1)

University of Birmingham¹

01 Apr 2001-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: The goal of this new extension to the 10-5 system is to further promote standardization in high-resolution EEG studies.

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1,640 citations

"The standardized EEG electrode arra..." refers background or methods in this paper

...With the advent of source imaging, high density EEG electrode arrays including 5% electrode positions, were developed, resulting in electrode arrays of up to 345 positions (Oostenveld and Praamstra, 2001)....
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...In 2001, the 10–5 system was introduced (Oostenveld and Praamstra, 2001)....
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