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Journal ArticleDOI

The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model, Efficiency Model, and the Design Guidelines for High-Power, High-Gain, Low-Input Voltage DC–DC Converter

TL;DR: In this article, a phase modulated full bridge resonant transition converter (PMRTC) is used for high-gain, high-power applications, as PMRTC converters retain the qualitative nature of hard switched pulse-width modulation counterparts with additional damping, where $R_d$ is load, transformer turns ratio and frequency dependent.
Abstract: The phase modulated full bridge resonant transition converter (PMRTC) is commonly used for high-gain, high-power applications, as PMRTC converters retain the qualitative nature of hard switched pulse-width modulation counterparts with additional damping ( $R_d$ ), where $R_d$ is load, transformer turns ratio and frequency dependent. The PMRTC converter enables operation at a higher switching frequency due to the soft-switching nature, thereby achieving better power density. For battery fed high-power, high-gain applications, PMRTC exhibits a significant drop in the dc gain due to $R_d$ and other nonidealities, limiting the maximum frequency of operation. Thus, computing this drop and analyzing the effects of switching frequency becomes necessary in achieving the required steady-state dc gain. From the analysis, it is observed that, for a choice of switching frequency above $f_{s\;{\rm critical}}$ , the required steady-state dc gain is not achieved for any turns ratio. Hence, to increase the switching frequency of operation of a PMRTC converter, a two-transformer configuration is adapted and with this configuration, the dc gain loss model, power loss, and efficiency model and small-signal model are established. The design guidelines on the choice of switching frequency and transformer turns ratio based on the proposed models is described. The proposed models with the presented design guidelines are validated in simulations and hardware prototype for a 1 kW PMRTC converter.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
14 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of high-conversion high-voltage (HCHV) dc-dc converters for a modern aerial vehicle's power distribution system.
Abstract: This article presents the state-of-the-art review of high-conversion high-voltage (HCHV) dc–dc converters for a modern aerial vehicle’s power distribution system. Higher dc bus voltages have become a trend in recent aerial vehicle development because of the potential reduction in size and weight of the rest of the power system and an increase in power density. Some front-end dc energy sources, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, may level at a low voltage and require HCHV dc–dc converters to integrate with the high-voltage dc bus. On the other hand, high-conversion step-down converters are required between the dc bus and various low-voltage electronic loads. A detailed review of HCHV dc–dc converters for an aviation power distribution system is limited in the literature. This article presents two main architectures of such converters. Architecture-I employs individual two-port dc–dc converters to link each source to the dc bus, and Architecture-II uses a single multiport converter (MPC) to connect all the sources to the dc bus. Architecture-I categorizes the two-port dc–dc converter topologies into unidirectional and bidirectional converters, followed by further classifications based on isolation and control schemes. Multiport dc–dc converters for Architecture-II are categorized based on port numbers and then source connection methods. This review investigates multiple topologies within each category or classification, highlighting selected circuit diagrams and their features and shortcomings. This article presents several insightful comparisons, among various bidirectional converters for Architecture-I, and MPCs for Architecture-II, for a designer to choose a proper converter. In terms of converter characteristics, this article focuses on dc voltage gain, power density, efficiency, and reliability, as these qualities are of utmost importance in an aviation application.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel topology of modular dc–dc converter has been proposed for medium voltage dc (MVdc) integration of high-penetration distributed PV with input-independent and output-series connected configuration and intermodule power balancing units (PBUs).
Abstract: In this paper, a novel topology of modular dc–dc converter has been proposed for medium voltage dc (MVdc) integration of high-penetration distributed PV. The proposed topology is featured with input-independent and output-series connected configuration and intermodule power balancing units (PBUs). A high voltage gain could be achieved with series-connected submodules (SMs), while each SM's input port is connected with PV array to realize the independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control function. PBUs with bidirectional power conversion ability are installed between adjacent SMs for the elimination of intermodule power mismatch. The operation principles of the proposed converter have been explained in detail along with the corresponding control strategies. The design principles of major passive components have been investigated on the basis of boundary operation conditions, while a quantitative analysis of steady-state power losses has been performed. Moreover, a comparative study is conducted from the aspects of operation range, topology complexity, component stress, and power efficiency. The theoretical results have been validated by both simulations and down-scaled experiments.

48 citations


Cites background from "The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model..."

  • ...Since the core losses are usually affected by magnetic materials, geometries, and working conditions, it needs a complex estimation with empirical formulas [32], [33]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a triple-switch-triple-mode high step-up converter (TSTM-HS converter) is presented for dc microgrid applications, where voltage lift technique is employed and range of duty cycle is extended by incorporating an additional switch in converter circuitry.
Abstract: DC microgrid is gaining attraction and a recent trend in distribution power generation system due to penetration of renewables (especially photovoltaic or fuel cell). In this paper, a new triple-switch-triple-mode high step-up converter (TSTM-HS converter) is presented for dc microgrid applications. In the proposed converter, voltage lift technique is employed and range of duty cycle is extended by incorporating an additional switch in converter circuitry. By doing this, high voltage conversion ratio is achieved without using a transformer, coupled inductor, and multiple stages of switched capacitors. Moreover, the TSTM-HS converter operated in three modes with two types of the duty cycles to achieve low to high voltage conversion without using high duty cycle for each switch. The effects of difference in the inductance values on the regulation and operating behavior of the TSTM-HS converter are discussed. The continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode characteristics of the TSTM-HS converter are discussed in detail with steady-state analysis and boundary condition. The comparison is provided to highlight the benefits of the TSTM-HS converter. The selection of semiconductor devices and the design of reactive components are discussed for the TSTM-HS converter. The experimental results of the proposed converter are provided which validate the theoretical approach, performance, and feasibility of converter.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an active switched inductor network-based high gain boost converter is proposed, which uses less number of components in circuit topology by using the proposed converter, which helps in reducing the switch voltage stress and conduction loss.
Abstract: This paper deals with an active switched inductor network-based high gain boost converter. By using less number of components in circuit topology, a higher gain in voltage can be attained at a small duty cycle value by using the proposed converter, which helps in reducing the switch voltage stress and conduction loss. In addition, it draws continuous input current, has lower diode voltage stress, and lower passive component voltage ratings. The operating principles and key waveforms in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) are presented. Parameter design, power loss calculation, characteristics, and comparative study with other non-isolated converters have been presented. Finally, a 200W hardware prototype is constructed and the viability of the proposed converter is verified through the experimentally obtained results.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The elements of IDC have different voltage and current stresses because of the three duty regions, which leads to cost-effective device selection according to the voltage-gain requirement of a particular application.
Abstract: A step-up interleaved dc–dc converter (IDC) operated in three different duty regions ( $0 \leq D , $0.5 \leq D and $0 \leq D ) at a reduced number of elements is presented in this article. The IDC is capable of giving different voltage-gain characteristics in the three regions. The elements of IDC have different voltage and current stresses because of the three duty regions, which leads to cost-effective device selection according to the voltage-gain requirement of a particular application. Detailed mathematical modeling of the IDC is carried out in the three regions. Moreover, a comparison is made among the reported converters and IDC in terms of component count, voltage-gain, component voltage stresses, nature of input current and output voltages, and a discussion is carried out on their pros and cons. A laboratory prototype is developed to validate the performance of IDC in the three duty regions. Also, power loss and efficiency analysis of the IDC is carried out to show its effectiveness.

11 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jun 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of zero voltage transition (ZVT) power converters is proposed in which both the transistor and the rectifier operate with zero voltage switching and are subjected to minimum voltage and current stresses.
Abstract: A class of zero voltage transition (ZVT) power converters is proposed in which both the transistor and the rectifier operate with zero voltage switching and are subjected to minimum voltage and current stresses. The boost ZVT-PWM converter is used as an example to illustrate the operation of these converters. A 300 kHz, 600 W ZVT-PWM boost, DC-DC converter, and a 100 kHz, 600 W power factor correction circuit using the ZVT-PWM technique and an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device were breadboarded to show the operation of the proposed converters. It is shown that the circuit technology greatly improves the converter performance in terms of efficiency, switching noise, and circuit reliability. >

896 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a steady-state analysis is presented with complete characterization of the converter operation and the design procedures based on the analysis are presented and the various losses in the circuit assessed.
Abstract: A steady-state analysis is presented with complete characterization of the converter operation. A small-signal model of the converter is established. The design procedures based on the analysis are presented and the various losses in the circuit assessed. Critical design considerations for a high-power, high-voltage application are analyzed. The results of the analysis are verified using a high-voltage. 2 kW prototype. >

875 citations


"The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...is designed following the design equations presented in [1]....

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  • ...There is no energy loss (power loss) associated with the Rd [1]....

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  • ...The basic principle of operation and the steady-state analysis of the PMRTC converter with the inherent loss in the duty (modeled as Rd ) is presented in [1]–[5] and [9]–[11]....

    [...]

  • ...The leakage inductance of the transformer and output capacitance of the MOSFETS provides the zero voltage switching (ZVS), and hence, no additional resonant components are required [1]–[7]....

    [...]

  • ...The power loss budgeting, analysis, and the design guidelines for an ideal PMRTC are presented in [1]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, specific circuit effects in the phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) converter and their impact on the converter dynamics are analyzed, and the small-signal model is derived incorporating the effects of phase-shift control and the utilization of transformer leakage inductance and power FET junction capacitances to achieve zero-voltage resonant switching.
Abstract: The specific circuit effects in the phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) converter and their impact on the converter dynamics are analyzed. The small-signal model is derived incorporating the effects of phase-shift control and the utilization of transformer leakage inductance and power FET junction capacitances to achieve zero-voltage resonant switching. The differences in the dynamic characteristics of the PS-PWM converter and its PWM counterpart are explained. Model predictions are confirmed by experimental measurements. >

234 citations


"The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The basic principle of operation and the steady-state analysis of the PMRTC converter with the inherent loss in the duty (modeled as Rd ) is presented in [1]–[5] and [9]–[11]....

    [...]

  • ...The steadystate operation of the PMRTC is explained in [1], [3]–[5], and [9]–[11]....

    [...]

  • ...small-signal model, including the inherent duty loss is presented in [1], [7], [11], and [13]....

    [...]

  • ...From the model presented in [1], [3]–[5], and [9]–[11], the output voltage (Vo) equation, when represented in terms of effective duty (Deff) is given in (1) and in terms of Duty (D) and virtual resistance (Rd ) is given in (2)....

    [...]

  • ...For the analysis presented in [1]–[5] and [9]–[11], the ideal circuit is considered and is operated in continuous conduction mode....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a soft-switching topology for DC-DC converters, which is well suited for applications in the range of a few hundred watts to a few kilowatts.
Abstract: A novel soft-switching topology for DC-DC converters is proposed. It is well suited for applications in the range of a few hundred watts to a few kilowatts. It is essentially a hybrid combination of an uncontrolled half-bridge section and a phase-shift controlled full-bridge section, realized with just four switches. The main features of the proposed topology are zero-voltage-switching down to no-load without serious conduction loss penalty, constant frequency operation and, near-ideal filter waveforms. The improved filter waveforms result in significant savings in the input and output filter requirement, resulting in high power-density. The new topology requires two transformers and two DC-bypass capacitors. The combined VA rating of the two transformers is more than that of the single transformer of conventional full-bridge converters, for variable-input applications. In Part I of the paper, the converter operation is analyzed for typical switch-mode power supply applications, where the input voltage varies widely but the output voltage is fixed and is well regulated. Experimental results obtained from a 100 W/200 kHz proof-of-concept prototype confirm the superior features of the proposed hybrid configuration.

180 citations


"The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The converter with a hybrid combination of a half-bridge and a full-bridge section is proposed in [18] to provide no-load to full load ZVS range without the series conduction loss....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a family of soft-switched, full-bridge (FB) PWM converters that feature zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of all bridge switches over a wide range of input voltage and output load with minimal duty cycle loss and circulating current is described.
Abstract: A family of soft-switched, full-bridge (FB) pulse-width-modulated (PWM) converters that feature zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) of all bridge switches over a wide range of input voltage and output load with minimal duty cycle loss and circulating current is described. The ZVS of primary switches is achieved by employing two magnetic components whose volt-second products change in the opposite directions with a change of phase shift between the two bridge legs. One magnetic component is a transformer while the other magnetic component is either a coupled inductor or a single-winding inductor. The transformer is used to provide isolated output(s), whereas the inductor is used to store energy for ZVS.

171 citations


"The Steady-State DC Gain Loss Model..." refers background in this paper

  • ...ZVS in all the bridge switches for a wide range of input voltage and the load change is obtained for the converter [17]....

    [...]

  • ...A new family of soft-switched full bridge converter is proposed in [17] by employing a transformer and a coupled inductor....

    [...]