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The theory of transformations in metals and alloys
01 Jan 1965-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general introduction to the theory of transformation kinetics of real metals, including the formation and evolution of martensitic transformations, as well as a theory of dislocations.
Abstract: Part I General introduction. Formal geometry of crystal lattices. The theory of reaction rates. The thermodynamics of irreversable processes. The structure of real metals. Solids solutions. The theory of dislocations. Polycrystalline aggregates. Diffusion in the solid state. The classical theory of nucleation. Theory of thermally activated growth. Formal theory of transformation kinetics. Part II Growth from the vapour phase. Solidification and melting. Polymorphic Changes. Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution. Eutectoidal transformations. Order-disorder transformations. Recovery recrystalisation and grain growth. Deformation twinning. Characteristics of martensic transformations. Crystallography of martensitic transformations. Kinetics of martensitic transformations. Rapid solidification. Bainite steels. Shape memory alloys.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the role of interfacial dislocations in bubble formation at grain and interphase boundaries but not at Tic-matrix interfaces, and found that high trapping of helium was observed at tic precipitatematrix interface which is attributed to an inhomogeneous ripening mechanism.
Abstract: Helium bubble formation was observed in austenitic stainless steels by transmission electron microscopy following implantation of 30 to 1000 appm helium at room temperature and annealing at 700 to 800°C. Helium bubble distributions at dislocations and at various grain boundaries and precipitates were studied. It was found that interfacial dislocations play a dominant role in bubble nucleation at grain and interphase boundaries but not at Tic-matrix interfaces. Particularly high trapping of helium was observed at Tic precipitate-matrix interfaces which is attributed to an inhomogeneous ripening mechanism.
59 citations
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of the B19′ (monoclinic) Ni-Ti martensite, one which is internally twinned by the (0 0 1)m compound twinning mode, has been found in thermally cycled Ni−Ti shape memory alloys.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the semimetallic component on crystallization was also studied in the Fe and Co-based glasses, and the most stable glasses in this system were near x = 0.5.
59 citations
TL;DR: The statistics of liquid-to-crystal nucleation using an automated lag-time apparatus are studied in this article, where a single 500 μL sample of distilled water is repeatedly supercooled to a fixed temperature below its equilibrium freezing temperature, held until freezing occurred, and then thawed.
Abstract: The statistics of liquid-to-crystal nucleation are studied using an automated lag-time apparatus. A single 500 μL sample of distilled water is repeatedly supercooled to a fixed temperature below its equilibrium freezing temperature, held until freezing occurred, and then thawed. Our raw data is then a set of approximately 300 lag-times for each of three set supercooling temperatures. In each case, a small insoluble AgI crystal was added to ensure heterogeneous nucleation and average nucleation temperatures around ΔT=8 K. The distribution of lag-times is analyzed, and shown to be well approximated by a single exponential decay, with average lag-times in the range of 1000–3000 seconds. This average lag-time decreases markedly at deeper levels of supercooling, and for the present data, this decrease is fit equally well by exponential, power law decay, and classical nucleation functional forms.
59 citations