Book•
The theory of transformations in metals and alloys
01 Jan 1965-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general introduction to the theory of transformation kinetics of real metals, including the formation and evolution of martensitic transformations, as well as a theory of dislocations.
Abstract: Part I General introduction. Formal geometry of crystal lattices. The theory of reaction rates. The thermodynamics of irreversable processes. The structure of real metals. Solids solutions. The theory of dislocations. Polycrystalline aggregates. Diffusion in the solid state. The classical theory of nucleation. Theory of thermally activated growth. Formal theory of transformation kinetics. Part II Growth from the vapour phase. Solidification and melting. Polymorphic Changes. Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution. Eutectoidal transformations. Order-disorder transformations. Recovery recrystalisation and grain growth. Deformation twinning. Characteristics of martensic transformations. Crystallography of martensitic transformations. Kinetics of martensitic transformations. Rapid solidification. Bainite steels. Shape memory alloys.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the state-of-the-art in this field is presented, with special emphasis on the conditions of the formation of metastable states, such as metastable crystalline metals, quasi-crystals, metallic glasses, supersaturated solutions and grain-refined materials.
Abstract: The non-equilibrium state of an undercooled melt allows the investigation of various phenomena involved in the formation of metastable solid phase. The present work reviews the present state of the art in this field. In detail, the thermodynamics of the undercooled melt, nucleation and growth processes are discussed, with special emphasis on the conditions of the formation of metastable states, such as metastable crystalline metals, quasi-crystals, metallic glasses, supersaturated solutions and grain-refined materials. The techniques needed for the in-situ investigation of non-equilibrium solidification phenomena in undercooled melts are discussed, and their potential for such investigations is evaluated. Aspects of microgravity research in this field are also included.
439 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and convenient method is proposed to verify the applicability of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model as well as the basic assumptions of kinetic analysis.
439 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a more versatile approach is developed: a numerical simulation technique which models directly the reactions by which clusters are produced and demonstrates the evolution of cluster populations and nucleation rate in the transient regime.
Abstract: Using classical nucleation theory we consider transient nucleation occurring in a one‐component, condensed system under isothermal conditions. We obtain an exact closed‐form expression for the time dependent cluster populations. In addition, a more versatile approach is developed: a numerical simulation technique which models directly the reactions by which clusters are produced. This simulation demonstrates the evolution of cluster populations and nucleation rate in the transient regime. Results from the simulation are verified by comparison with exact analytical solutions for the steady state. Experimental methods for measuring transient nucleation are assessed, and it is demonstrated that the observed behavior depends on the method used. The effect of preexisting cluster distributions is studied. Previous analytical and numerical treatments of transient nucleation are compared to the solutions obtained from the simulation. The simple expressions of Kashchiev are shown to give good descriptions of the nucleation behavior.
435 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new kinetic model for anisothermal metallurgical transformations, valid for diffusion controlled as well as martensitic transformations, is proposed, which is first described in the case of two phases and a unique transformation, then extended to n phases and several (possibly simultaneous and unsymmetrical) transformations.
422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development of continuous precipitate morphology in heat-treated Mg-9-wt%Al-1/1/wt%Zn alloy for a range of ageing temperatures was investigated in detail using TEM.
412 citations