Book•
The theory of transformations in metals and alloys
01 Jan 1965-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general introduction to the theory of transformation kinetics of real metals, including the formation and evolution of martensitic transformations, as well as a theory of dislocations.
Abstract: Part I General introduction. Formal geometry of crystal lattices. The theory of reaction rates. The thermodynamics of irreversable processes. The structure of real metals. Solids solutions. The theory of dislocations. Polycrystalline aggregates. Diffusion in the solid state. The classical theory of nucleation. Theory of thermally activated growth. Formal theory of transformation kinetics. Part II Growth from the vapour phase. Solidification and melting. Polymorphic Changes. Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution. Eutectoidal transformations. Order-disorder transformations. Recovery recrystalisation and grain growth. Deformation twinning. Characteristics of martensic transformations. Crystallography of martensitic transformations. Kinetics of martensitic transformations. Rapid solidification. Bainite steels. Shape memory alloys.
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30 Oct 2004TL;DR: This chapter aims to provide a much needed link to the literature on solid-state chemistry and to more detailed references on specific phase transformations.
Abstract: Recent reviews, conference reports, and symposia(1–11) concerning phase transformations provide a good measure of the research activity in this area of solid-state science. In the present chapter, we have chosen to emphasize basic concepts in the field, but wherever appropriate, experimental data are included. It is hoped that this chapter will provide a much needed link to the literature on solid-state chemistry and to more detailed references on specific phase transformations.(1–11)
81 citations
TL;DR: By generalizing Gibbs' approach, existing deficiencies and internal contradictions of these two well-established theories can be removed and a new generally applicable tool for the interpretation of phase formation processes can be developed.
Abstract: In the theoretical interpretation of the kinetics of first-order phase transitions, thermodynamic concepts developed long ago by Gibbs are widely employed giving some basic qualitative insights into these processes. However, from a quantitative point of view, the results of such analysis, based on the classical Gibbs approach and involving in addition the capillarity approximation, are often not satisfactory. Some progress can be reached here by the van der Waals and more advanced density functional methods of description of thermodynamically heterogeneous systems having, however, its limitations in application to the interpretation of experimental data as well. Moreover, both mentioned theories—Gibbs’ and density functional approaches—lead to partly contradicting each other’s results. As shown in preceding papers, by generalizing Gibbs’ approach, existing deficiencies and internal contradictions of these two well-established theories can be removed and a new generally applicable tool for the interpretati...
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reversible segregation of carbon to the (100) surface of nickel has been observed at temperature through measurements of work function changes and observations of LEED patterns and Auger spectra.
Abstract: The reversible segregation of carbon to the (100) surface of nickel has been observed. The surface was studied at temperature through measurements of work function changes and observations of LEED patterns and Auger spectra. The work function increases with temperature by about 0.63 eV in the temperature range 500°–800°K. This difference is close to that obtained from reported values of the work function for Ni (100) and for carbon. Below about 650°K the diffraction pattern contains rings characteristic of a graphite layer with its basal plane parallel to the substrate. In contrast with previous LEED observations of graphite precipitation at single‐crystal surfaces, the segregation described here is reversible under temperature cycling.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an isothermal calorimeter has been used to determine the heat evolution during coarsening of the θ and θ′ precipitates in an Al-4% Cu and an Al 4% Cu-0.1% Cd alloy.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a computer model of the DuFort-Frankel finite difference method was developed to simulate the motion of a single step and of an infinite train of steps, where volume diffusion of solute in the matrix to the riser of the step was assumed to control the growth rate.
80 citations