The Timed “Up & Go”: A Test of Basic Functional Mobility for Frail Elderly Persons
01 Feb 1991-Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 39, Iss: 2, pp 142-148
TL;DR: This study evaluated a modified, timed version of the “Get‐Up and Go” Test (Mathias et al, 1986) in 60 patients referred to a Geriatric Day Hospital and suggested that the timed “Up & Go’ test is a reliable and valid test for quantifying functional mobility that may also be useful in following clinical change over time.
Abstract: This study evaluated a modified, timed version of the "Get-Up and Go" Test (Mathias et al, 1986) in 60 patients referred to a Geriatric Day Hospital (mean age 79.5 years). The patient is observed and timed while he rises from an arm chair, walks 3 meters, turns, walks back, and sits down again. The results indicate that the time score is (1) reliable (inter-rater and intra-rater); (2) correlates well with log-transformed scores on the Berg Balance Scale (r = -0.81), gait speed (r = -0.61) and Barthel Index of ADL (r = -0.78); and (3) appears to predict the patient's ability to go outside alone safely. These data suggest that the timed "Up & Go" test is a reliable and valid test for quantifying functional mobility that may also be useful in following clinical change over time. The test is quick, requires no special equipment or training, and is easily included as part of the routine medical examination.
Citations
More filters
Dissertation•
19 Feb 2010
TL;DR: The hypotheses that working memory influences gait performance and that a higher SH burden negatively influences over-ground gait and costs of dual-task conditions, were supported in a series of experiments.
Abstract: This thesis first explored the effects of concurrent spatial attention and working memory task performance on over-ground gait in healthy young and older adults. It then compared over-ground gait parameters and working memory performance in mild Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and normal controls (NC) and investigated costs of dual-tasking on working memory performance and cadence during treadmill walking at preferred walking speed in the two groups. Furthermore, it explored these differences in AD and NC groups in relation to their subcortical hyperintensities (SH) that were rated using standardized scales on MRI. Reaction times and accuracy on working memory performance measures were collected under single and dual task conditions. Over-ground gait parameters were measured on an automated walkway. Costs of dual-tasking on gait parameters and working memory performance were measured at a constant velocity on a treadmill. The hypotheses that working memory influences gait performance and that a higher SH burden negatively influences over-ground gait and costs of dual-task conditions, were supported in a series of experiments. Gait slowed down while performing working memory and spatial attention tasks in young and older adults. Patients with mild AD,
1 citations
03 Jul 2016
TL;DR: An index for the objective measurement of dynamic balance function from COP-COG data was developed and a strong correlation was observed between COG acceleration and ASV, except in one patient, who had a severe balance disorder.
Abstract: Although a posturography is commonly used for objective evaluation of static balance function, dynamic balance function is usually evaluated only with clinical scales. Simplified objective measurement systems for the evaluation of dynamic balance function need to be developed. In this preliminary study, we attempted to develop an index for the objective measurement of dynamic balance function from COP-COG data. The subjects comprised nine hemiparetic post-stroke patients and five healthy subjects. The simultaneous measurements of COG and COP were performed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (Kinematracer, KisseiComtec, Japan) combined with force plate analysis. As indices for evaluating dynamic balance function, the latency of COP passing COG after heel contact (LCP) and the averaged |COP| − |COG| subtraction value during stance phase (ASV) were calculated. For evaluating validity of the measurement, the Berg Balance Scale, a frequently used clinical balance scale, was used. The results showed significant differences (0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.29 ± 0.23 s) between the healthy subjects and patients in LCP, and large, yet insignificant, differences (4.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 2.0 cm) in ASV. The ASV was strongly correlated with BBS. A strong correlation was observed between COG acceleration and ASV, except in one patient, who had a severe balance disorder. These results may encourage further investigation into the feasibility of COP-COG measurements for balance measurement.
1 citations
01 Dec 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the feasibility of implementing a multidimensional music-based exercise program for dementia patients and the effects on an intervention group (IG) compared to a control group (CG, usual care).
Abstract: One of the most common causes of needing care in old age is dementia. In order to enjoy a pleasant retirement for people with dementia, it is essential for them to maintain their independence. Studies have shown that a combination of physical activity and music has positive effects on dementia patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a multidimensional music-based exercise program for dementia patients and the effects on an intervention group (IG) compared to a control group (CG, usual care). The study design was based on a 12-week intervention with two (IG/CG) by two (pretest/posttest) parallel groups and block randomization with unequal group sizes. Participants had to be able to move independently or with a walker and not have severe cardiovascular disease or cardiac arrhythmias. Fifty-three blinded dementia patients (age: 83.63 ± 6.03 years) from inpatient facilities participated in the study and were assigned from the exercise instructors to IG (n = 34) and CG (n = 19). The primary outcomes were feasibility (Observation sheet), modified Chair Rising test, Timed Up and Go test, hand dynamometer test, FICSIT‑4 (Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques), and drop bar test. Secondary endpoints included: verbal fluency (“animals”), the Mini-Mental State Examination, memory, Trail Making Test A, and Qualidem. Forty-nine subjects were analyzed (IG = 32; CG = 17). There were significant differences between the groups in the modified Chair Rising test (p = 0.033), FICSIT‑4 (p = 0.035), and Timed Up and Go test (p = 0.005) at posttest, which showed improved performance of the IG compared to the CG. The IG additionally showed improvements in the modified Chair Rising test (p = 0.000), drop bar test (p = 0.033), hand dynamometer test (p = 0.001), Timed Up and Go test (p = 0.000), verbal fluency (p = 0.002) and Trail Making Test A (p = 0.04) after 12 weeks. There were no adverse events or side effects. The multidimensional music-based exercise program could be performed by the dementia patients and was well received. The improved functional mobility could contribute to a lower risk of falls and thus maintain independence. For the follow-up study, the number of subjects, randomization, and parameters should be considered.
1 citations
TL;DR: The overall aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about PA in ambulatory persons with late effects of polio by describing PA, assessing the relationships between PA and impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions and life satisfaction, and furthermore by exploring perceptions of PA.
1 citations
Cites methods from "The Timed “Up & Go”: A Test of Basi..."
...Gait performance was assessed and the participants‟ gait speed was similar to persons aged 60 to 69 years (120) whereas the TUG and the 6MWT were below predicted performance compared to healthy adults aged 60 to 69 years (121, 122)....
[...]
...The TUG was carried out twice, with a 1-minute rest between each trial, and the mean of the two tests were recorded (seconds)....
[...]
...For the TUG, each participant sat in an armchair placed at the end of a marked 3- m walkway....
[...]
...Knee muscle strength was measured first in a Biodex dynamometer, then the participants had a 20 minutes rest, and thereafter, their gait performance was assessed by four tests in the following order: the TUG, then the CGS and FGS, and finally the 6MWT....
[...]
...Mean, SD (range) 69, 43 (0-169) 104, 43 (15-211) 36, 24 (0-99) 59, 25 (3-131)...
[...]
31 May 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the 3-m backward walk test (3MBW) in ambulant people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) was investigated and the cutoff time to best discriminate fallers from non-fallers with MS was determined.
Abstract: To investigate: (a) the interrater and test–retest reliability of the 3-m backward walk test (3MBW) in ambulant people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); (b) minimal detectable change (MDC); (c) concurrent and known-groups validity; and (d) the cutoff time to best discriminate fallers from nonfallers with multiple sclerosis (MS). Forty-nine PwMS and 36 healthy people were included in this cross-sectional study. The 3MBW was administered with the timed up and go test, Berg Balance Scale, four square step test, Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and Expanded Disability Status Scale. The 3MBW was simultaneously performed by two independent raters to examine the interrater reliability while was repeated after 7–10 days to examine the test–retest reliability. The 3MBW showed good interrater reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.987–0.989] and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.854–0.889). The MDC was found to be 1.69 s. The 3MBW had moderate-to-strong correlations with the other measures. For the 3MBW, PwMS had worse performance than healthy people (P < 0.001), whereas fallers with MS had worse performance than nonfallers with MS (P < 0.001). The 3MBW time of 7.86 s was determined to best discriminate fallers from nonfallers with MS. The 3MBW is a reliable, simple, and easy-to-administer tool for assessing backward walking among ambulant PwMS.
1 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: A simplified, scored form of the cognitive mental status examination, the “Mini-Mental State” (MMS) which includes eleven questions, requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely.
76,181 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The Mini-Mental State (MMS) as mentioned in this paper is a simplified version of the standard WAIS with eleven questions and requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely.
Abstract: EXAMINATION of the mental state is essential in evaluating psychiatric patients.1 Many investigators have added quantitative assessment of cognitive performance to the standard examination, and have documented reliability and validity of the several “clinical tests of the sensorium”.2*3 The available batteries are lengthy. For example, WITHERS and HINTON’S test includes 33 questions and requires about 30 min to administer and score. The standard WAIS requires even more time. However, elderly patients, particularly those with delirium or dementia syndromes, cooperate well only for short periods.4 Therefore, we devised a simplified, scored form of the cognitive mental status examination, the “Mini-Mental State” (MMS) which includes eleven questions, requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely. It is “mini” because it concentrates only on the cognitive aspects of mental functions, and excludes questions concerning mood, abnormal mental experiences and the form of thinking. But within the cognitive realm it is thorough. We have documented the validity and reliability of the MMS when given to 206 patients with dementia syndromes, affective disorder, affective disorder with cognitive impairment “pseudodementia”5T6), mania, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and in 63 normal subjects.
70,887 citations
5,148 citations
TL;DR: A practical performance-oriented assessment of mobility is described that incorporates useful features of both approaches and the recommended evaluation centers on the more effective use of readily (and frequently) obtained clinical data.
Abstract: M any people experience a decline in mobility with aging. The multiple chronic diseases and disabilities responsible for this decline also may predispose to falling. This decline is well recognized by clinicians caring for elderly patients. The Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination not only recognized the problem, but concluded that assessing physical, social, and psychologic functions as they impact on “Progressive Incapacity with Aging” was the most important assessment for patients over age 75.’ Prominent among their list of potentially preventable impairments were locomotory, sensory, and cognitive functions, each of which is intricately related to mobility. The Canadian Task Force further stated that protection of abilities should be emphasized over diagnosis. They believed that establishing the optimal content of the assessment was a high research priority. The purpose of the following discussion is to address the question of content of a functional mobility assessment appropriate for elderly patients. The limitations of relying solely on either a disease-oriented or a gait analytic approach are outlined. A practical performance-oriented assessment of mobility is described that incorporates useful features of both approaches. The recommended evaluation centers on the more effective use of readily (and frequently) obtained clinical data. Although limited to a discussion of ambulation as the expected mode of mobility (necessary because of space limitations), many of the concepts apply to other modes as well (eg, wheelchair).
3,081 citations
TL;DR: The goal for this study was to develop a measure of balance appropriate for elderly individuals and there was a high degree of internal consistency, a Cronbach's alpha of .96, which indicates the movements reflect a single underlying dimension.
Abstract: The goal for this study was to develop a measure of balance appropriate for elderly individuals. In total, 38 patients, ranging in age from 60 to 93 years, and 32 professionals, including nurses, physicians, and physical and occupational therapists were surveyed in three distinct phases to develop the content. Reliability of the measure was assessed by having physical therapists evaulate the videotaped performances of geriatric subjects at two different points in time. The intraclass correlation coefficients measuring the inter and intra rater reliability for the test as a whole were .98 and .99 respectively. The correlation coefficients for the individual items ranged from .71 to .99. In addition, there was a high degree of internal consistency, a Cronbach's alpha of .96, which indicates the movements reflect a single underlying dimension. The scale consists of 14 movements common in everyday life. It is easy to administer and score and has measurement properties that are better than expected for a new i...
2,418 citations