The use of new ionic liquids in two-phase catalytic hydrogenation reaction by rhodium complexes
TL;DR: The reaction of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC) with sodium tetrafluoroborate or sodium hexafluorophosphate produced the room temperature-, air-and water-stable molten salts (BMI+)(BF4−) (1) and (bMI+(PF6−)(2), respectively, in almost quantitative yield as discussed by the authors.
About: This article is published in Polyhedron.The article was published on 1996-04-01. It has received 658 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ionic liquid & Sodium tetrafluoroborate.
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12,178 citations
TL;DR: There are indications that switching from a normal organic solvent to an ionic liquid can lead to novel and unusual chemical reactivity, which opens up a wide field for future investigations into this new class of solvents in catalytic applications.
Abstract: Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at low temperature (<100 degrees C) which represent a new class of solvents with nonmolecular, ionic character. Even though the first representative has been known since 1914, ionic liquids have only been investigated as solvents for transition metal catalysis in the past ten years. Publications to date show that replacing an organic solvent by an ionic liquid can lead to remarkable improvements in well-known processes. Ionic liquids form biphasic systems with many organic product mixtures. This gives rise to the possibility of a multiphase reaction procedure with easy isolation and recovery of homogeneous catalysts. In addition, ionic liquids have practically no vapor pressure which facilitates product separation by distillation. There are also indications that switching from a normal organic solvent to an ionic liquid can lead to novel and unusual chemical reactivity. This opens up a wide field for future investigations into this new class of solvents in catalytic applications.
5,387 citations
TL;DR: The use of ionic liquids as novel reaction media may offer a convenient solution to both the solvent emission and the catalyst recycling problem, as well as in supercritical carbon dioxide.
2,450 citations
TL;DR: Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes by Nanoparticles 2624 3.1.2.
Abstract: 2.5. Stabilization of IL Emulsions by Nanoparticles 2623 3. Hydrogenations in ILs 2623 3.1. Hydrogenation on IL-Stabilized Nanoparticles 2623 3.1.1. Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene 2623 3.1.2. Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes 2624 3.1.3. Hydrogenation of Ketones 2624 3.2. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation in ILs 2624 3.3. Hydrogenation of Functionalized ILs 2625 3.3.1. Selective Hydrogenation of Polymers 2625 3.4. Asymmetric Hydrogenations 2626 3.4.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2626 3.5. Role of the ILs Purity in Hydrogenation Reactions 2628
1,996 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the art of the application of ionic liquids in catalysis is reviewed in this article, where examples of the different ways in which ionic liquid have been applied in Catalysis, i.e. as the catalyst itself, as a co-catalyst or catalyst activator, as the source of a new ligand for a catalytic metal centre, or just as the solvent for the reaction.
1,423 citations
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TL;DR: Water-soluble catalysts as mentioned in this paper combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: simple and complete separation of the product from the catalyst, high activity, and high selectivity.
Abstract: Rapid developments in the field of catalysis are leading to an increased demand for tailor-made catalysts. Water-soluble complex catalysts, which are being intensively investigated at the present time, combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: simple and complete separation of the product from the catalyst, high activity, and high selectivity. From the large number of available water-soluble ligands, the appropriate catalysts can be developed for many reactions. The industrial applications in the fields of hydrogenation and hydroformylation have already indicated the wide scope of this type of catalyst. In addition, the annual production of 300 000 tons of butyraldehyde through application of water-soluble rhodium complexes at Hoechst AG in Oberhausen, Germany, has demonstrated the industrial importance of the concept of complex-catalyzed reactions in aqueous two-phase systems. The efficient operation of catalytic processes increasingly requires the loss-free recycling of the noble metal catalyst, and this can be simply and economically realized in two-phase systems. Special applications in biochemical problems open up developments in the field of water-soluble transition metal complexes that far transcend the familiar kinds of homogeneous catalysis. In the near future, the investigation and application of metal complex catalysts that are compatible with the physiological, cheap, and environmentally friendly solvent, water, is likely to become a high priority in catalysis research.
624 citations
TL;DR: Kipouros and Thonstad as discussed by the authors proposed an analytical method for nonisotopic additive binary mixtures, based on external motes and external transport numbers of the mixture.
Abstract: Ionic Mobilities (A. Klemm). Introduction. Internal Mobilities in Single Salts. External Mobilities of Single Salts and Mixtures. The Nature of External Mobilities. External Mobilities and External Transport Numbers. Analytical Methods. Volumetric Methods. The Streaming Potential. Experimental Results and Discussion. Internal Mobilities of Mixtures. Analytical Methods Based on External Mobilities. Analytical Methods with Checked Ionic Concentrations in a Column. The Occurrence of Migrating Boundaries. Mobility Ratios from the Observation of Migrating Boundaries. EMF Methods. Experimental Results and Discussion for Isotopes. Experimental Results and Discussion for Nonisotopic Additive Binary Mixtures. Cationic Self Diffusion Coefficients of Binary Nitrate Mixtures. References. Aluminum Electrolysis Electrolyte and Electrochemistry (J. Thonstad). Introduction. The Electrolyte. Phase Equilibria. Thermodynamic Properties. Solubility of Aluminum and Aluminum Carbide. Measurements of Aluminum Solubility. Vapor Pressure of Dissolved Metal. Electrochemical Properties of Dissolved Metal. Nature of the Dissolved Metal. Solubility of Aluminum Carbide. Physico-Chemical Properties. Density. Surface Properties. Viscosity. Electrical Conductivity. Transference Numbers. Diffusivity. Electrode Reactions. Reference Electrodes. Double Layer Capacity. The Cathode Reaction. The Anode Reaction. Anode Effect. Current Efficiency and Energy Efficiency. Current Efficiency in Commercial Aluminum Cells. Energy Efficiency. Future Trends. Inert Electrode Materials. Aluminum Chloride Electrolysis. The Electrolyte. Cell Reaction and Current Efficiency. Conclusions. References. The Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Magnesium Production (G.J. Kipouros, D.R. Sadoway). Introduction. Electrolytic Methods of Magnesium Production. Cell Feed Preparation. The Electrolyte. Industrial Electrolysis Cells. Mechanism of Magnesium Electrodeposition. Thermochemical Methods of Magnesium Production. Carbothermic Reduction. Metallothermic Reduction. Other Methods of Reduction. Flux Chemistry. Future Outlook. References. Organic and Organometallic Reactions in Molten Salts and Related Melts (R.M. Pagni). Introduction. Aluminum Chloride-Containing Molten Salts and Melts. The Scholl Reaction. Ene Reaction. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Rearrangements and Isomerizations. Final Comments on A1C1 3 -Containing Melts. Pyridine Hydrohalide Molten Salts. Cleavage of Ethers. Cyclization Reactions. Deacylation. Dealkylation with Rearrangement. Aromatization. Isomerization. Synthetic Applications. Ammonium and Phosphonium Salt Melts. Tetra-n-butylammonium Fluoride. Phosphonium Salts. Tetraalkylammonium Tetraalkylborides. Nitrate and Nitrite Containing Melts. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Salts. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Alkali Thiocyanate Melts. Alkali Metal Carboxylates. Alkali Metal Hydroxide. Zinc, Copper (I and II), Iron (III) and Tin (II) Chloride Melts. Desulfurization of Alkyl Sulfides.
285 citations