The Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in New SUPERPAVE Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
08 Oct 2003-
About: The article was published on 2003-10-08 and is currently open access. It has received 15 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Asphalt concrete.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss laboratory study conducted on recycled mix design of two different Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) samples, and subsequently develop an integrated mix-design-structural-design approach for hot recycled mix.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performances of bitumen and asphalt mixtures modified by crumb rubber (CR) were compared with those modified by styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS).
Abstract: In this study, the performances of bitumen and asphalt mixtures modified by crumb rubber (CR) were compared with those modified by styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). The resultant mixtures were evaluated for their rheological and mechanical performances by different experimental techniques such as rheological bitumen tests, i.e., dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), and hot mixture performance tests, that is, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, fatigue, semicircular bending, and toughness index. Experimental studies show that it is necessary to use twice as much CR as SBS to reach the same performance attained by SBS. CR modification at high additive content exhibits higher elastic response, i.e., recoverable strain, than the SBS-modified mixture. While the resistance to crack initiation of CR-modified mixtures increases with increasing additive content, the resistance to crack propagation decreases dramatically according to fatigue and semicircular bending tests.
83 citations
Cites background from "The Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Paveme..."
...For grading asphalt binders, the required performance characteristics are determined, and the temperatures at which these characteristics are satisfied establish the grade of the binder (Malpass 2003)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the behavior of base layer mixture containing RAP at different quantities using resilient modulus (M R) from laboratory testing, and showed that as RAP content increased, M R increased.
Abstract: Asphalt rehabilitation projects produce about 100 million tons of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) per year from millings, presenting a major solid waste concern. Literature indicates that RAP has a structural value as a pavement layer. However, limited research exists to quantify its structural capacity with fundamental engineering properties, especially for high RAP contents. Properties such as the resilient modulus (M R) of unbound layers are needed in the mechanistic–empirical pavement design guide. This paper investigates the behaviour of base layer mixture containing RAP at different quantities using resilient modulus (M R) from laboratory testing. RAP from millings was blended in varied quantities with local aggregates. Densities also varied among test specimens. Resilient modulus tests showed that as RAP content increased, M R increased. Results also showed a strong positive correlation between M R and density. Conclusions indicate RAP has a potential to be used in high percentages in pavement base...
55 citations
Cites background from "The Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Paveme..."
...Recycling of asphalt pavement can reduce local agency costs, save energy with in situ recycling, conserve diminishing resources of aggregates and petroleum products, and reduce construction disposal by over 50% (Malpass 2003)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a provincial road with an asphalt surface course containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was evaluated in Zhejiang, China, where an AC-13 was chosen as gradation design in all mixes.
Abstract: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) provides many advantages. The performance of a provincial road with an asphalt surface course containing RAP in Zhejiang, China was evaluated. The surface course was prepared by central plant hot mix recycling and virgin asphalt concrete. An AC-13 was chosen as gradation design in all mixes. The performance of asphalt mixture (containing 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % RAP) was evaluated in the laboratory for fatigue resistance condition, moisture susceptibility, high-temperature stability, and low-temperature anti-cracking. Based on the laboratory results, the provincial road was constructed consisting of three sections (corresponding to 0 %, 10 %, and 20 % RAP content) in surface course with a 30-mm depth. The field site has been inspected and observed for 4 years. The field testing included deflection, skid resistance, permeable performance, and evenness evaluations. The laboratory test results show that all the testing indices satisfied the demand of the specifications, except moisture susceptibility and low temperature anti-cracking performance of the recycled asphalt concrete, including 30 % RAP. The inspection data proved that a small percentage of RAP unaffected the surface course performance, but RAP ratios greater than 20 % are not suitable in the mainline for high-volume roadways.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of laboratory conditioning on the rheological properties of recycled hot-mix asphalt was evaluated using a thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) and complex modulus test.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) laboratory conditioning on the rheological properties of recycled hot-mix asphalt. Four different conditioning processes were used on a single RAP source before mixing: unheated RAP, RAP heated at 110 °C in a microwave, RAP heated in a covered pan at 110 °C in a draft oven, and RAP heated in a non-covered pan at 110 °C in a draft oven. Dense graded 20 mm HMA was designed using a PG 64-28 binder and mixed with 25 % of the four different conditioned RAPs. Thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) and complex modulus test were used to characterize RAP conditioning effect. Test results showed that the complex modulus of the four mixes has no different rheological behaviour, and did not affect TSRST results as much.
13 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general framework for pavement management, and describe the component activities that are part of pavement management and present techniques that can be used for analysis as part of the management operation.
Abstract: Pavement management systems uses the systems approach to provide a unified treatment of pavement design, testing, construction, maintenance, evaluation, and restoration. This book presents the general framework for pavement management, and describes the component activities that are part of pavement management. The authors consider all the materials, economic, traffic, and climatic factors that affect pavements, and present techniques that can be used for analysis as part of the management operation. This book presents the principles of applied systems engineering as well as the concepts of pavement engineering, enabling readers to review the entire process of pavement management and place their own activities and responsibilities in the larger systems context. Pavement evaluation and performance concepts are given thorough treatment, and all available working pavement systems models are discussed and compared. Pavement management systems offers the reader a complete survey that depicts relationships between materials, design, and mechanics and includes a comprehensive analysis featuring techniques for analyzing pavement investment options. /TRRL/
162 citations
"The Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Paveme..." refers methods in this paper
...The salvage value of each system was calculated using the following (Haas and Hudson, 1975):...
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...Given the present cost of a system, the annual cost is calculated by (Haas and Hudson, 1975):...
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01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for selecting the performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binder based on the Superpave PG grading system was developed. But the criteria based on fatigue parameter was determined to be too liberal and, therefore, was not recommended.
Abstract: Mix design procedures for recycled asphalt pavements require the selection of virgin asphalt binder or recycling agent. This research project was undertaken to develop a procedure for selecting the performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binder based on the Superpave PG grading system. Blending charts, similar to the viscosity blending charts, were constructed and evaluated based on test parameters obtained from the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The criteria for selection was based on Superpave performance grading (PG) specification. The criteria based on the fatigue parameter was determined to be too liberal and, therefore, was not recommended. An alternative criteria based on the high temperature stiffness was recommended.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of splitting RAP stockpiles by using the coarser RAP fraction in a typical 12.5 mm below-the-restricted-zone Superpave gradation has been evaluated.
Abstract: Implementation of the Superpave mix design method has encouraged the use of coarser hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures, which require tight control of both the overall gradation and the percent passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) screen. There is some concern that use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in Superpave mixtures may be seriously limited because stockpiles of RAP may have widely variable gradations as well as high percentages of minus 0.075-mm material. The possibility of splitting RAP stockpiles by using the coarser RAP fraction in a typical 12.5 mm below-the-restricted-zone Superpave gradation has been evaluated. The finer RAP fraction was used in an above-the-restricted zone 12.5-mm Superpave gradation. Two sources of RAP (Georgia and Minnesota) were used so that a wide range of asphalt and aggregate properties would be represented. Screening the RAP allowed up to 40 percent of the coarse RAP fraction to be used and still meet below-the-restricted zone Superpave gradation requirements. This was main...
60 citations
"The Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Paveme..." refers background in this paper
...Stroup-Gardiner and Wagner (1999) proposed that the finer RAP fractions be removed by sieving in order to maximize the percentage of RAP used....
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...2001) 25 26 Figure 2.12: Influence of RAP on APA Rut Depths, Gradations Above Restricted Zone, 15% RAP (After Stroup-Gardiner and Wagner, 1999)...
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TL;DR: In this paper, a research project was undertaken to evaluate the production and construction variability of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) containing large quantities of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material.
Abstract: A research project was undertaken to evaluate the production and construction variability of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) containing large quantities of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material. Four construction projects were selected. Two of the projects used 35 percent RAP material, while the other two used 40 and 50 percent RAP, respectively. The projects differed in size with total hot-mix ranging from 12,000 to 30,000 tons. In all cases, dedicated RAP stockpiles were used. A series of tests were performed at both the hot-mix plant laboratory and the University of Texas (UT) asphalt laboratory. The tests at the plant included extraction, gradation, and asphalt content using nuclear gauge. A number of specimens were also compacted and shipped to the Texas Department of Transportation Materials and Tests Division for Hveem stability testing. Asphalt recovery, penetration, and viscosity tests for both HMAC and RAP were conducted at the UT laboratory. Each day, four sublots were sampled. The results o...
54 citations
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of various mix properties on fatigue life were examined under both controlled-stress and controlled-strain modes of load on in-situ mix performance.
Abstract: A series of accelerated performance-related tests for asphalt-aggregate mixes was performed under Project A-003A of the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP) asphalt research activity, and methods were developed for anlyzing asphalt-aggregate interactions which significantly affect pavement performance. The fatigue investigation evaluated a number of promising testing systems both under controlled-stress and controlled-strain modes-of-loading. The specific objectives of this paper are to explore mix and test variable effects including those of mode-of-loading, on the fatigue response of asphalt aggregate mixes. Following a brief description of the laboratory test program on which the analyses reported are based, the paper examines the effects of various mix properties on fatigue life. Attention is then turned to exploring the effects of mode-of-loading on in-situ mix performance.
37 citations