The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in diesel engines
TL;DR: It is concluded that it is possible to use tyre pyrolysis oil in diesel engines as an alternate fuel in the future.
Abstract: Tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with 10%, 30%, and 50% of tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) blended with diesel fuel (DF). The TPO was derived from waste automobile tyres through vacuum pyrolysis. The combustion parameters such as heat release rate, cylinder peak pressure, and maximum rate of pressure rise also analysed. Results showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine fueled with TPO-DF blends increased with an increase in blend concentration and reduction of DF concentration. NO(x), HC, CO, and smoke emissions were found to be higher at higher loads due to the high aromatic content and longer ignition delay. The cylinder peak pressure increased from 71 bars to 74 bars. The ignition delays were longer than with DF. It is concluded that it is possible to use tyre pyrolysis oil in diesel engines as an alternate fuel in the future.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review has been carried out in order to show the effects of the main process conditions (heating rate, temperature, pressure, carrier gas flow rate and type, volatiles residence time and pyrolysis time) on physicochemical properties and distributions of the resulting products (gas, liquid and solid fractions).
Abstract: This review deals with the state-of-the-art of waste tyre pyrolysis for the first time in literature. Pyrolysis has been addressed as an attractive thermochemical process to tackle the waste tyre disposal problem while allowing energy recovery. Pyrolysis enables the separation of carbon black from tyres and the volatile matter released (condensable and non-condensable compounds) has the potential of renewable energy recovery given the significant proportion of natural rubber present in the tyre. Given this waste-to-energy pathway, a comprehensive review has been carried out in order to show the effects of the main process conditions (heating rate, temperature, pressure, carrier gas flow rate and type, volatiles residence time and pyrolysis time) on the physicochemical properties and distributions of the resulting products (gas, liquid and solid fractions). It has also been reviewed the influence of the size and composition of the feedstock. All reported results have been framed regarding the type of reactor as well as the experimental conditions used to avoid contradictions among the large number of publications on the subject. It is shown that the occurrence of secondary reactions is very sensitive to the interaction of the aforementioned variables. Also, the main properties of the pyrolytic products are pointed out. The liquid and gaseous fractions obtained are a valuable fuel source; while the solid fraction (char) has the recovery potential of low- grade carbon black or as carbon adsorbent after applying an activation step. Special attention has been given to the liquid fraction, highlighting its properties as alternative fuel in compression ignition engines.
596 citations
TL;DR: Examples of commercial and semi-commercial scale tyre pyrolysis systems show that small scale batch reactors and continuous rotary kiln reactors have been developed to commercial scale.
Abstract: Approximately 1.5 billion tyres are produced each year which will eventually enter the waste stream representing a major potential waste and environmental problem. However, there is growing interest in pyrolysis as a technology to treat tyres to produce valuable oil, char and gas products. The most common reactors used are fixed-bed (batch), screw kiln, rotary kiln, vacuum and fluidised-bed. The key influence on the product yield, and gas and oil composition, is the type of reactor used which in turn determines the temperature and heating rate. Tyre pyrolysis oil is chemically very complex containing aliphatic, aromatic, hetero-atom and polar fractions. The fuel characteristics of the tyre oil shows that it is similar to a gas oil or light fuel oil and has been successfully combusted in test furnaces and engines. The main gases produced from the pyrolysis of waste tyres are H(2), C(1)-C(4) hydrocarbons, CO(2), CO and H(2)S. Upgrading tyre pyrolysis products to high value products has concentrated on char upgrading to higher quality carbon black and to activated carbon. The use of catalysts to upgrade the oil to a aromatic-rich chemical feedstock or the production of hydrogen from waste tyres has also been reported. Examples of commercial and semi-commercial scale tyre pyrolysis systems show that small scale batch reactors and continuous rotary kiln reactors have been developed to commercial scale.
535 citations
Cites background or methods from "The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in di..."
...Others have reported the calorific value of the tyre pyrolysis oil to be between 38 and 49.5 MJ 1 (Williams et al., 1998; Li et al., 2004; Murugan et al., 2008a; Banar et al., 2012; Rada et al., 2012)....
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...Murugan et al. (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d) have extensively investigated the use of tyre pyrolysis oil blended with petroleum diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine....
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...Higher ratios of tyre pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel with up to 90% addition to diesel fuel were also investigated by Murugan et al. (2008b, 2008d)....
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...For blended tyre pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel blends, Murugan et al. (2008a) reported that the brake thermal efficiency (overall efficiency) of the engine was only marginally influenced by the use of the tyre pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel blends compared to using diesel fuel alone at blends of 10%, 30%…...
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TL;DR: In this article, the relevant literature describing innovative organizational approaches in the management of used tyres in the European Union member countries and the possible uses of waste tyres as a source of raw materials or alternative fossil fuels are presented.
Abstract: The dynamic increase in the manufacture of rubber products, particularly those used in the automobile industry, is responsible for a vast amount of wastes, mostly in the form of used tyres, of which more than 17 million tonnes are produced globally each year. The widely differing chemical compositions and the cross-linked structures of rubber in tyres are the prime reason why they are highly resistant to biodegradation, photochemical decomposition, chemical reagents and high temperatures. The increasing numbers of used tyres therefore constitute a serious threat to the natural environment. The progress made in recent years in the management of polymer wastes has meant that used tyres are starting to be perceived as a potential source of valuable raw materials. The development of studies into their more efficient recovery and recycling, and the European Union's restrictive legal regulations regarding the management of used tyres, have led to solutions enabling this substantial stream of rubber wastes to be converted into energy or new polymer materials. In this article we present the relevant literature describing innovative organizational approaches in the management of used tyres in the European Union member countries and the possible uses of waste tyres as a source of raw materials or alternative fossil fuels.
394 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of combustion, performance and exhaust emission results from the use of pyrolysis liquids (both crude and up-graded) in compression ignition engines is presented.
Abstract: Liquids and gases produced through biomass pyrolysis have potential as renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels in conventional internal combustion engines. This review compares the properties of pyrolysis fuels, produced from a variety of feedstocks and using different pyrolysis techniques, against those of fossil fuels. High acidity, the presence of solid particles, high water content, high viscosity, storage and thermal instability, and low energy content are typical characteristics of pyrolysis liquids. A survey of combustion, performance and exhaust emission results from the use of pyrolysis liquids (both crude and up-graded) in compression ignition engines is presented. With only a few exceptions, most authors have reported difficulties associated with the adverse properties of pyrolysis liquids, including: corrosion and clogging of the injectors, long ignition delay and short combustion duration, difficulty in engine start-up, unstable operation, coking of the piston and cylinders and subsequent engine seizure. Pyrolysis gas can be used more readily, either in spark ignition or compression ignition engines; however, NO reduction techniques are desirable. Various approaches to improve the properties of pyrolysis liquids are discussed and a comparison of the properties of up-graded vs. crude pyrolysis liquid is included. Further developments in up-gradation techniques, such as hydrocracking and bio-refinery approaches, could lead to the production of green diesel and green gasoline. Modifications required to engines for use with pyrolysis liquids, for example in the fuel supply and injection systems, are discussed. Storage stability and economic issues are also reviewed. Our study presents recent progress and important R&D areas for successful future use of pyrolysis fuels in internal combustion engines.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel was tested and compared with diesel fuel operation.
Abstract: Plastic waste is an ideal source of energy due to its high heating value and abundance. It can be converted into oil through the pyrolysis process and utilised in internal combustion engines to produce power and heat. In the present work, plastic pyrolysis oil is manufactured via a fast pyrolysis process using a feedstock consisting of different types of plastic. The oil was analysed and it was found that its properties are similar to diesel fuel. The plastic pyrolysis oil was tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel from 0% to 100% at different engine loads from 25% to 100%. The engine combustion characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions were analysed and compared with diesel fuel operation. The results showed that the engine is able to run on plastic pyrolysis oil at high loads presenting similar performance to diesel while at lower loads the longer ignition delay period causes stability issues. The brake thermal efficiency for plastic pyrolysis oil at full load was slightly lower than diesel, but NOX emissions were considerably higher. The results suggested that the plastic pyrolysis oil is a promising alternative fuel for certain engine application at certain operation conditions.
199 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes is reviewed and R&D needs identified for each power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants.
Abstract: Power production from biomass derived pyrolysis liquids has been under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several technologies and system components have been developed by academia, R&D organizations, and industrial companies in many countries. Much experience has been gained and many useful results published. The present work aims at reviewing the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. Main results are reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis liquid use in gas turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations are technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also appears quite promising.
564 citations
"The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in di..." refers background in this paper
...Studies have been carried out on wood pyrolysis oil as an alternate fuel in internal combustion engines [2,3,5,17]....
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TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis is one of the most recent renewable energy processes to have been introduced and offers the advantages of a liquid product bio-oil that can be readily stored and trans ported, and used as a fuel, an energy carrier and a source of chemicals.
Abstract: Bioenergy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future. Fast pyrolysis is one of the three main thermal routes, with gasification and combustion, to providing a useful and valuable biofuel. It is one of the most recent renewable energy processes to have been introduced and offers the advantages of a liquid product bio-oil that can be readily stored and trans ported, and used as a fuel, an energy carrier and a source of chemicals. Fast pyrolysis has now achieved commercial success for production of some chemicals, liquid fuel and electricity. Bio-oils have been success fully tested in engines turbines and boilers, and have been upgraded to high quality hydrocarbon fuels although at a presently unacceptable energetic and financial cost. This review concentrates on the technology of pyrolysis and applications for the liquid product. The basic pyrolysis process and the characteristics of the main liquid product bio-oil are first summarized followed by a review of applications for bio-oil. The main technical and non-technical barriers to implementation are identified.
438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a nitrogen purged static-bed batch reactor was used to pyrolyse 3 kg batches of shredded scrap tyres at temperatures between 450 and 600°C. The oils were trapped in a series of condensers and the derived gases analysed off-line by packed column gas chromatography.
Abstract: A nitrogen purged static-bed batch reactor was used to pyrolyse 3 kg batches of shredded scrap tyres at temperatures between 450 and 600°C. The oils were trapped in a series of condensers and the derived gases analysed off-line by packed column gas chromatography. The oil yield was found to decrease with increasing final pyrolysis temperature and the yield of product gases increased. The fuel properties of the condensed oil including, calorific values, ultimate analyses, flash point, moisture content, fluorine and chlorine contents were determined. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and lighter aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. The results showed that the derived tyre oils had fuel properties similar to those of a light petroleum fuel oil. The influence of pyrolysis temperature showed an increase in the aromatic content of the oils with increasing temperature, with a consequent decrease in aliphatic content. The total PAH content of the oils were found to increase from 1.5 to 3.5 wt.% of the total oil as the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 450 to 600°C. Biologically active compounds such as methylfluorenes, tri- and tetra-methylphenanthrenes and chrysene were identified in significant concentrations. The results of gas analysis supported a Diels–Alder mechanism of alkane dehydrogenation to alkenes, followed by cyclisation and aromatisation. Limonene was identified as a major component of the oils, representing 3.1 wt.% at 450°C falling to 2.5 wt.% total oil at 600°C. Significant quantities of light aromatics such as benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene were also found.
401 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a car tyre was pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 300°C, 400°C and 600°C. No significant influence of temperature on the amount and characteristics of pyrolysis products over 500°C was observed.
Abstract: Cross-section samples (2–3 cm wide), representative of a whole car tyre, have been pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C. The whole solid, liquid and gaseous products generated during each pyrolysis were collected and characterised. No significant influence of temperature on the amount and characteristics of pyrolysis products was observed over 500°C. Tyre-pyrolysis liquids are a complex mixture of C5–C20 organic compounds, with a great proportion of aromatics. They have high gross calorific values, GCV (∼42 MJ kg−1) and N and S contents (0.4% and 1.2%, respectively) within those specified for certain heating fuels. About 30 wt.% of such liquids is an easily distillable fraction with boiling points (70–210°C) in the range of commercial petrol, and about 60 wt.% of them have the boiling point range (150–370°C) typical of diesel oil. Pyrolysis gases are composed of hydrocarbons of which C1 and C4 are predominant, together with some CO, CO2 and SH2; they have very high gross calorific values (68–84 MJ m−3). Tyre-pyrolysis residues have equal dimensions as the original tyre portion and are easily disintegrable into black powder and steel cords. The black powder has surface areas comparable to those of commercial carbon blacks, but it has a great proportion of ash and impurities (∼12 wt.%), which are the inorganic fillers added to tyre rubber; it may have a potential use as semireinforcing or nonreinforcing carbon black.
382 citations
"The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in di..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Throughout the combustion tests, comparison of the emissions was made with the combustion of diesel....
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...In the Pyrolysis process, larger hydrocarbon chains break down at certain temperatures in the absence of oxygen that gives end products usually containing solids, liquids and gases....
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TL;DR: In this paper, fast pyrolysis of safflower seed ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) was investigated with the aim to study the product distribution and their chemical compositions and to identify optimum process conditions for maximizing the bio-oil yield.
Abstract: In this study, fast pyrolysis of safflower seed ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) was investigated with the aim to study the product distribution and their chemical compositions and to identify optimum process conditions for maximizing the bio-oil yield. Experiments were performed in a well-swept resistively heated fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere. The maximum oil yield of 54% was obtained at the final pyrolysis temperature of 600°C, sweeping gas flow rate of 100 cm 3 min − 1 and heating rate of 300 °C min − 1 in a fixed-bed reactor. The elemental analysis and calorific value of the bio-oil were determined and compared with diesel fuel and then the chemical composition of the bio-oil was investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (IR, GC/MS, simulated distillation). The char was characterized by elemental, BET surface area and SEM analyses.
330 citations
"The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in di..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In the Pyrolysis process, larger hydrocarbon chains break down at certain temperatures in the absence of oxygen that gives end products usually containing solids, liquids and gases....
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...Ozlem Onay, 2007, Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Heating Rate on the Production of Bio- Oil and Char from Safflower Seed by Pyrolysis, Using a Well-Swept Fixed-Bed Reactor, Fuel Processing Technology, 88, (5), 523-531....
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