The vascular endothelium: the cornerstone of organ dysfunction in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Citations
4,855 citations
666 citations
568 citations
322 citations
318 citations
References
16,635 citations
15,362 citations
"The vascular endothelium: the corne..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, cell invasion depends on both ACE2 expression and the availability of the protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS-2), or other proteases, to cleave the viral spike [23]....
[...]
...in vitro and is efficient to block SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells [23]....
[...]
6,335 citations
"The vascular endothelium: the corne..." refers background in this paper
...However, in a cohort observational study including 201 patients in China, treatment with methylprednisone was beneficial to patients with ARDS [78]....
[...]
...However, as noticed by Leisman et al. [29], in COVID-19 patients, plasmatic concentrations of cytokines, especially IL-6, are much lower than in typical hyper-inflammatory ARDS or in CRS and should be distinguished from them [30, 31]....
[...]
...A recent observational Chinese study of 31 severe COVID-19 patients including 11 treated by corticosteroids found no association between therapy and outcomes in patients without ARDS [77]....
[...]
...ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Ag: Antigen; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRS: Cytokine release syndrome; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; ECs: Endothelial cells; FDP: Fibrin degradation product; ICU: Intensive care unit; IL-1β : Interleukin 1β; IL2R: Interleukin 2 receptor; IL-6: Interleukin 6; IL-6R: Interleukin 6 receptor; ISTH: International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; MCP1: Monocyte chemoattractant; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; PAI 1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; rACE2: Recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-Cov-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TMPRSS-2: Transmembrane protease serine 2; TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; vWF: von Willebrand factor; vWF Ag: von Willebrand factor antigen...
[...]
...Given the fundamental role of ECs in maintaining homeostasis, vascular permeability, and blood rheology, EC dysfunction may actively participate in thrombo-inflammatory processes that ultimately result in COVID-19 vasculopathy, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and a clinical phenotype of refractory ARDS [18]....
[...]
4,855 citations
"The vascular endothelium: the corne..." refers background in this paper
...Authors suggest that COVID-19-induced endotheliitis may explain the systemic impaired microcirculatory function in different organs in COVID-19 patients [14]....
[...]
...the crucial role of ECs in vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and (immuno) thrombosis [14, 15]....
[...]
4,714 citations
"The vascular endothelium: the corne..." refers background in this paper
...ACE2 has been found in arterial and venous endothelial cells in various human tissues, including the oral and nasal mucosa, lung, small intestine, colon, skin, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, kidney, and brain [21]....
[...]