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Journal ArticleDOI

The water–energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa

01 Aug 2011-Energy Policy (Elsevier)-Vol. 39, Iss: 8, pp 4529-4540
TL;DR: In this paper, a country-level quantitative assessment of the water-energy nexus in the MENA region is performed, and the results show that up to 9% of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be attributed to ground water pumping and desalination.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2011-08-01. It has received 449 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Water-energy nexus & Virtual water.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The areas of energy, water and food policy have numerous interwoven concerns ranging from ensuring access to services, to environmental impacts to price volatility as mentioned in this paper, and these issues manifest in very di...

1,038 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of the available literature on energy intensity for water use in the municipal and agricultural sectors and separating the process into several stages is presented in this article, where water supply, water treatment, residential end use, wastewater treatment, and agriculture end use are considered.
Abstract: Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water supply, treatment, use and disposal. The intensity of energy consumption (kW h/m 3 ) depends upon the specific technologies applied at each stage of the water cycle. For some technologies, the intensity may be relatively low, whereas the intensity of other technologies is substantially greater. This report surveys the available literature on energy intensity for water use in the municipal and agricultural sectors and separates the process into several stages. Water supply, water treatment, residential end use, wastewater treatment, and agriculture end use are considered. Representative values of the energy consumed per unit water are given for a broad range of processes. Water extraction and pumping from ground and surface sources is considered. The energy intensity of treatment required for different types of water source is found to vary widely between the extremes of relatively fresh surface waters, which use energy mainly in pumping, and seawater, which requires desalination. Energy usage for different methods of irrigation including pressurized as well as surface irrigation is studied. The energy intensity of residential end use is very high relative to other parts of the water supply cycle. Processes such as heating water, washing clothes and dishes, and cooking are briefly studied within the water end-use stage. Hot water usage is responsible for making end use the most energy intensive stage of the water cycle. Hot water use in different buildings is briefly reviewed. Wastewater treated with various processes is considered, and the energy intensity is found to be highest when advanced wastewater treatment methods are applied. Energy consumption in the agricultural sector, which is principally related to irrigation pumping, is generally of lower energy intensity than for the municipal treatment or end use.

490 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed and analyzed the water, energy, and food nexus and regions of study, nexus keywords and stakeholders in order to understand the current state of nexus research.

463 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three water-energy nexus cases in the United States are examined: (1) water and energy development in the water-scarce Southwest; (2) conflicts between coal development, environmental quality, and social impacts in the East; and (3) tensions between environmental quality and economic development of shale natural gas in the Northeast and Central U.S. These cases are related to Eastern, Central, and Western regional stakeholder priorities collected in a national effort to assess energy-water scenarios.

370 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A state-of-the-art review on the concepts, research questions and methodologies in the field of water-energy-food, and future research challenges are identified, including system boundary, data uncertainty and modelling, underlying mechanism of nexus issues and system performance evaluation.

303 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview on present seawater desalination capacities by region, a synopsis of the key environmental concerns of desalification, including ways of mitigating the impacts on the environment, and of avoiding some of the dangers of the environment to Desalination.

864 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If a shift toward a greater contribution of bioenergy to energy supply takes place, the results of this study can be used to select the crops and countries that produce bioenergy in the most water-efficient way.
Abstract: All energy scenarios show a shift toward an increased percentage of renewable energy sources, including biomass. This study gives an overview of water footprints (WFs) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production: barley, cassava, maize, potato, rapeseed, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, and wheat. In addition, this study includes jatropha, a suitable energy crop. Since climate and production circumstances differ among regions, calculations have been performed by country. The WF of bioelectricity is smaller than that of biofuels because it is more efficient to use total biomass (e.g., for electricity or heat) than a fraction of the crop (its sugar, starch, or oil content) for biofuel. The WF of bioethanol appears to be smaller than that of biodiesel. For electricity, sugar beet, maize, and sugar cane are the most favorable crops [50 m3/gigajoule (GJ)]. Rapeseed and jatropha, typical energy crops, are disadvantageous (400 m3/GJ). For ethanol, sugar beet, and potato (60 and 100 m3/GJ) are the most advantageous, followed by sugar cane (110 m3/GJ); sorghum (400 m3/GJ) is the most unfavorable. For biodiesel, soybean and rapeseed show to be the most favorable WF (400 m3/GJ); jatropha has an adverse WF (600 m3/GJ). When expressed per L, the WF ranges from 1,400 to 20,000 L of water per L of biofuel. If a shift toward a greater contribution of bioenergy to energy supply takes place, the results of this study can be used to select the crops and countries that produce bioenergy in the most water-efficient way.

708 citations

OtherDOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of homonymity in homonym identification, i.e., homonymization, in the context of homology.
Abstract: ..............................................................................................................

619 citations