The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior
Citations
8,243 citations
5,816 citations
Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."
...…motivated behavior can become autonomous, together with research on individual differences in causality orientations (Deci & Ryan, 1985b), led to the formulation of self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985a, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000), which incorporated CET but is much broader in scope....
[...]
...Specifically, Deci et al. (1994) found that a ‘meaningful rationale’ is one of the important factors that facilitates integrated internalization, and Latham, Erez, and Locke (1988) found that it facilitates goal acceptance....
[...]
...Many studies guided by SDT have provided support for this perspective (see Deci & Ryan, 2000, for a review)....
[...]
3,866 citations
Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."
...Most similar to our view is Ilies et al.’s (2005) model, the theoretical foundations of which are likewise anchored in part by the work of Kernis (2003) and Deci and Ryan (1995, 2000)....
[...]
3,066 citations
Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."
...pleasant affect, meaning is important, whether as a critical component (Ryff & Singer, 1998) or as a result of maximizing one’s potentials (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Maslow, 1971)....
[...]
...…American Psychological Association 2006, Vol. 53, No. 1, 80–93 0022-0167/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 80 pleasant affect, meaning is important, whether as a critical component (Ryff & Singer, 1998) or as a result of maximizing one’s potentials (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Maslow, 1971)....
[...]
3,014 citations
Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."
...In self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000), a person’s ability to satisfybasic psychological needs is a function of his or her valued outcomes, or goals. est for content (e.g., facilitation), then related new content, opportunities, or challenge provides additional…...
[...]
...…Linnebrink & Pintrich, 2000; Molden & Dweck, 2002; Pintrich, 2000), task value (Eccles et al., 1983; Wigfield & Eccles, 1992, 2002; Wigfield et al., 1997), self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986; Schunk, 1981; Zimmerman, 1989, 2000b), and intrinsic motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000)....
[...]
References
1,962 citations
"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...For example, an athlete might work relentlessly to become more competent than others, or a fraternity member might behave in accord with social norms to feel related to the group....
[...]
...These individual differences are the foci of thematic (or implicit) and questionnaire (or explicit) methods of assessment (Ryan & Manly, in press) and are used as the basis for predicting affective and behavioral outcomes (e.g., McAdams, 1989; McClelland, 1985)....
[...]
...Specifically, McClelland (1985) and others assessed individual differences in need strength and used that as the primary basis for predicting behavior....
[...]
...However, because empirically based personality theories that investigate needs (e.g., McClelland, 1985; Murray, 1938) tend to view them as learned, our conception of needs is, in some ways, closer to that of the less empirically derived theories that view psychological needs as innate (e.g., Kohut,…...
[...]
1,958 citations
"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background or result in this paper
...The results generally replicated those of T. Kasser and Ryan (1993)....
[...]
...In the first of three studies, T. Kasser and Ryan (1993) found that the aspiration indexes (the semipartials of importance ratings, with the person’s mean for the importance of all aspirations removed) for the three intrinsic aspirations (personal growth, relationships, and community involvement)…...
[...]
...Kasser and Ryan (in press) suggested that, because of these expected links to basic need satisfaction, pursuit and attainment of intrinsic aspirations would be more strongly associated with well-being than would pursuit and attainment of extrinsic aspirations. In this research, participants rate the importance to themselves of various aspirations or life goals, and also their beliefs about the likelihood of attaining those goals. An importance index is formed for each aspiration by partialling out a person’s overall mean of importance ratings from that person’ importance rating for each aspiration. This index thus reflects the importance of each aspiration to that person, relative to the other aspirations. An alternative rank-order procedure has also been used. In the first of three studies, T. Kasser and Ryan (1993) found that the aspiration indexes (the semipartials of importance ratings, with the person’s mean for the importance of all aspirations removed) for the three intrinsic aspirations (personal growth, relationships, and community involvement) were significantly positively related to self-actualization (Jones & Crandall, 1986) and vitality (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), whereas the aspiration index for financial success (the only extrinsic aspiration used in the study) was negatively related to those indicators of...
[...]
...Specifically, T. Kasser and Ryan (1993, 1996) distinguished betweenintrinsic aspirations (i.e., goals such as affiliation, personal growth, and community contribution, which are closely associated with basic need satisfaction) andextrinsic aspirations(i.e., goals such as attaining wealth, fame, and…...
[...]
1,950 citations
"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper
...The dynamics of integration, as manifest in internalization of extrinsic motivation, must be considered to deal effectively with this problem (Ryan, 1995)....
[...]
...And indeed, when it is discussed it is often incorrectly equated with the ideas of internal locus of control, independence, or individualism (see, e.g., Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999b; Ryan, 1995)....
[...]
...The activity and integrative tendency move the organism toward a more unified set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes and structures (Deci & Ryan, 1991; Ryan, 1995)....
[...]
...When regulations are integrated people will have fully accepted them by bringing them into harmony or coherence with other aspects of their values and identity (Pelletier, Tuson, & Haddad, 1997; Ryan, 1995)....
[...]
1,945 citations
"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper
...The idea that relatedness is important for intrinsic motivation is also implicit in attachment theory (Bowlby, 1979)....
[...]
[...]
1,864 citations
"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper
...Relatedness refers to the desire to feel connected to others—to love and care, and to be loved and cared for (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Bowlby, 1958; Harlow, 1958; Ryan, 1993)....
[...]