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Journal ArticleDOI

The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior

01 Jan 2000-Psychological Inquiry (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.)-Vol. 11, Iss: 4, pp 227-268
TL;DR: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as mentioned in this paper maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being.
Abstract: Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically because different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psychological needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review considers research from both perspectives concerning the nature of well-being, its antecedents, and its stability across time and culture.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Well-being is a complex construct that concerns optimal experience and functioning. Current research on well-being has been derived from two general perspectives: the hedonic approach, which focuses on happiness and defines well-being in terms of pleasure attainment and pain avoidance; and the eudaimonic approach, which focuses on meaning and self-realization and defines well-being in terms of the degree to which a person is fully functioning. These two views have given rise to different research foci and a body of knowledge that is in some areas divergent and in others complementary. New methodological developments concerning multilevel modeling and construct comparisons are also allowing researchers to formulate new questions for the field. This review considers research from both perspectives concerning the nature of well-being, its antecedents, and its stability across time and culture.

8,243 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains.
Abstract: Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self-determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

5,816 citations


Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."

  • ...…motivated behavior can become autonomous, together with research on individual differences in causality orientations (Deci & Ryan, 1985b), led to the formulation of self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985a, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000), which incorporated CET but is much broader in scope....

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  • ...Specifically, Deci et al. (1994) found that a ‘meaningful rationale’ is one of the important factors that facilitates integrated internalization, and Latham, Erez, and Locke (1988) found that it facilitates goal acceptance....

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  • ...Many studies guided by SDT have provided support for this perspective (see Deci & Ryan, 2000, for a review)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Authentic Leadership Development (ALD) as mentioned in this paper is an emerging field of research in the field of leadership development, with a focus on transforming, charismatic, servant, and spiritual leadership perspectives.
Abstract: This Special Issue is the result of the inaugural summit hosted by the Gallup Leadership Institute at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2004 on Authentic Leadership Development (ALD). We describe in this introduction to the special issue current thinking in this emerging field of research as well as questions and concerns. We begin by considering some of the environmental and organizational forces that may have triggered interest in describing and studying authentic leadership and its development. We then provide an overview of its contents, including the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives presented, followed by a discussion of alternative conceptual foundations and definitions for the constructs of authenticity, authentic leaders, authentic leadership, and authentic leadership development. A detailed description of the components of authentic leadership theory is provided next. The similarities and defining features of authentic leadership theory in comparison to transformational, charismatic, servant and spiritual leadership perspectives are subsequently examined. We conclude by discussing the status of authentic leadership theory with respect to its purpose, construct definitions, historical foundations, consideration of context, relational/processual focus, attention to levels of analysis and temporality, along with a discussion of promising directions for future research.

3,866 citations


Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."

  • ...Most similar to our view is Ilies et al.’s (2005) model, the theoretical foundations of which are likewise anchored in part by the work of Kernis (2003) and Deci and Ryan (1995, 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) as mentioned in this paper is a 10-item measure of the presence of, and the search for, meaning in life, which was developed to measure the emotional well-being of counseling patients.
Abstract: Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered research on meaning in life. In 3 studies, evidence is provided for the internal consistency, temporal stability, factor structure, and validity of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), a new 10-item measure of the presence of, and the search for, meaning in life. A multitrait-multimethod matrix demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the MLQ subscales across time and informants, in comparison with 2 other meaning scales. The MLQ offers several improvements over current meaning in life measures, including no item overlap with distress measures, a stable factor structure, better discriminant validity, a briefer format, and the ability to measure the search for meaning.

3,066 citations


Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."

  • ...pleasant affect, meaning is important, whether as a critical component (Ryff & Singer, 1998) or as a result of maximizing one’s potentials (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Maslow, 1971)....

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  • ...…American Psychological Association 2006, Vol. 53, No. 1, 80–93 0022-0167/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 80 pleasant affect, meaning is important, whether as a critical component (Ryff & Singer, 1998) or as a result of maximizing one’s potentials (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Maslow, 1971)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a 4-phase model of interest development, which describes four phases in the development and deepening of learner interest: triggered situational interest, maintained interest, emerging (less developed) individual interest, and well-developed individual interest.
Abstract: Building on and extending existing research, this article proposes a 4-phase model of interest development. The model describes 4 phases in the development and deepening of learner interest: triggered situational interest, maintained situational interest, emerging (less-developed) individual interest, and well-developed individual interest. Affective as well as cognitive factors are considered. Educational implications of the proposed model are identified.

3,014 citations


Cites background from "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..."

  • ...In self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000), a person’s ability to satisfybasic psychological needs is a function of his or her valued outcomes, or goals. est for content (e.g., facilitation), then related new content, opportunities, or challenge provides additional…...

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  • ...…Linnebrink & Pintrich, 2000; Molden & Dweck, 2002; Pintrich, 2000), task value (Eccles et al., 1983; Wigfield & Eccles, 1992, 2002; Wigfield et al., 1997), self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986; Schunk, 1981; Zimmerman, 1989, 2000b), and intrinsic motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that selecting names to be used in the story made participants feel more confident about their performance than did those who were assigned names, although the groups in fact performed equally, arguing against the possibility that choice was operating as a performance cue.
Abstract: Past research suggests that choice in deciding the features of a task can enhance performance. Independent of the quality of performance, choice may also increase the actor’s confidence by providing a secondary source of subjective control during the task. In two studies designed to examine this augmentation hypothesis, college students were asked to read and understand a short story. Study 1 revealed that those who selected names to be used in the story felt more confident about their performance than did those who were assigned names, although the groups in fact performed equally. Study 2 revealed that the enhancement was not due to anticipatory confidence, arguing against the possibility that choice was operating as a performance cue. The findings are interpreted in relation to perceived control and implications for motivation and competence are discussed.

75 citations

Journal Article

74 citations


"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For example, a recent study of late-adolescent children by Assor, Roth, and Deci (2000) shows that greater parental use of conditional love as a disciplinary technique (which requires children to subjugate autonomy to gain love) was associated not only with the children’s feeling compelled (rather…...

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  • ...Williams, Cox, Hedberg, and Deci (2000) investigated these hypotheses with high school students....

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  • ...Finally, Williams, Gagné, Ryan, and Deci (2000) found that the degree to which trained observers rated doctors as more autonomy supportive predicted patients’ level of autonomous motivation for smoking cessation, and that significantly predicted their 6-month and 30-month biochemically validated…...

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  • ...Black and Deci (2000) showed that college students who were more autonomously motivated for organic chemistry enjoyed the course more and got higher grades than students who were more controlled in their motivation. Ryan and Connell (1989) found that introjected regulation (a relatively controlled style) and identified regulation (a relatively autonomous style) were correlated with children’s self-reports of trying hard in school and with parents’ reports of their children being...

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  • ...Summary and Integration Self-determination theory is concerned primarily with explicating the psychological processes that promote optimal functioning and health (Ryan & Deci, 2000)....

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Abstract: Similar ebooks with neurosis and treatment a holistic theory : cirugia videoasistida y percutanea para cirujanos generales neets answer key download allen question of a practical guide to residential conveyancing my sisters wedding mae hong son province x traordinary x tremes new zealand monohybrid crosses answers bsbmgt502b trainer s and assessor guide urban design street and square mexico megacity my finance lab problem week 2 answers no future without forgiveness desmond tutu juegos de crianza text book of multiple integrals methodes et pratiques de la performance le pilotage par les processus et les com immigration questions amp answers being the fat girl paperback textbook of blood banking transfusion medicine pedro paramo telecom real estate strate lease develop smart build in dot com age pb zhongda chinese english dictionary belize transforming proteins of dna tumor viruses kosten und leistungsrechnung gospel connections for teens cycle c reflections for sunday mass cycle c the human mind and how to make the most of it supplement to the italian dictionary alcohol drugs family and culture kuta software multiplying polynomials answers the literature of the middle western frontier volume two mutant message down under a womans journey into dreamtime australia busmans honeymoon a love story with detective interruptions a lord peter wimsey mystery with harriet vane magician a broken forever 1 megan noelle making of the west not fair say yes to life daily meditations spain including mallorca menorca ibiza formentera charming small hotel guides chapter 27 the postwar boom notes the virgin of small plains nancy pickard international financial management 2nd edition test bank new enterprise in the south pacific the indonesian and melanesian experiences call it english collecting antique silver americas wonderful little hotels and inns 1994 1995 u s a and canada 86 honda cb700sc manual applied ecology heavens above escuela de los vampiritos ii la number puzzles 2008 infiniti m45 owners manual the encyclopaedic district of india and nobody got hurt 2 the world weirdest wa three trumpet tunes on christmas hymns the conversion of liquid rocket fuels risk assessment technology and treatment options for the con outline format rubric paper the purchase linda spalding lawyer lincoln choke a d hope questions of poetic strength women in hellenistic egypt from alexander to cleopatra 2002 ford taurus ses owners manual vocabulary from classical roots lesson 6c answers la novela ib question bank for chemistry answer have your questions answered digital crime and digital terrorism dear first love a novel gastroenterology resident pocket survival guide muscles muscle tissue answer key anatomy sustainable waste management heath mathematics connections count on us level 4 family involvement english and spanish versions copymasters julia kristeva speaking the unspeakable key how to write damn good fiction using the power of myth vista del amanecer en el tropico harlan coben three great novels deal breaker drop shot fade away competition law in india paths in the brier patch this land is your land peter pan jr script perspectives on childrens testimony the call of agon children telm 1 dean f wilson kenmore dishwasher model 665 making theatre from text to performance athens insight flexi map emily good as gold david collins a colonial life book of comparing history of the american bar csi web adventures case three quiz answer adventures of huckleberry finn the secret generations porsche buying guide always karen chapter 14 packet answers postwar america chapter 6 the brook ncert answers the queens conjurer science and magic of dr john dee advisor to queen elizabeth i benjamin woolley methods in microbiology vol 19 current methods for classification and identification of microorganisms

68 citations


"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Like Angyal (1965), we argue that there are two important trajectories in human development, both of which require competencies and are subserved by the basic psychological needs (Ryan, 1993)....

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  • ...…when people are more able to satisfy all three of their basic psychological needs the regulation of their behavior will be characterized by choice, volition, and autonomy rather than pressure, demand, and control, and the result will be higher quality behavior and greater psychological well-being....

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  • ...Autonomy refers to volition—the organismic desire to self-organize experience and behavior and to have activity be concordant with one’s integrated sense of self (Angyal, 1965; deCharms, 1968; Deci, 1980; Ryan & Connell, 1989; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999)....

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MonographDOI
28 Feb 1999
TL;DR: In this article, Inghilleri emphasizes the central role of psychic functioning in the domain of biological and cultural evolution, considering determined, autonomous, and generative processes with respect to the processes of evolution.
Abstract: This book emphasizes the evolving rather than homeostatic aspects of human behavior Beginning with theories of complexity and self generation of behavior, Inghilleri emphasizes the central role of psychic functioning in the domain of biological and cultural evolution Psychic processes, considered determined, autonomous, and generative with respect to the processes of biological and cultural evolution, are viewed in relation to greater processes of complexity and autonomy of organization The theory of Self-Determination, developed by Deci and Ryan, and the theory of Flow, developed by Csikszentmihalyi, are considered from this point of view In addition, the theoretical framework offered by Inghilleri is tested in specific fields: academia, creativity, mental health, and culture change processes

67 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Testing the assumptions that students' perceptions of autonomy-support in their classroom produce a relatively intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic motivational approach to academic tasks demonstrated that motivational orientation may contribute to the formation of perceptions of competence and attributional style in students.
Abstract: The present study tested the assumptions, derived from a diathesis-stress model, that students' perceptions of autonomy-support in their classroom produce a relatively intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic motivational approach to academic tasks and that this approach, in turn, predicts qualitatively different responses to uncontrollable events. It was further assumed that students' motivational orientation would be more reliable than attributional style or perceptions of competence in predicting achievement patterns, including performance level after failure, use of adaptive attributions, and overall achievement scores. Results supported these predictions and further demonstrated, in longitudinal analyses, that motivational orientation may contribute to the formation of perceptions of competence and attributional style in students.

64 citations


"The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursui..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In conditions that thwart need satisfaction, people have, for example, been found to be more prone to introject regulations (Deci, Eghrari et al., 1994; Kuhl & Kazen, 1994), act incongruently (Sheldon, Ryan, Rawsthorne, & Ilardi, 1997), or become amotivated (Boggiano, 1998)....

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  • ...…(Williams, Rodin et al., 1998), that individuals engage in more face saving when they have a stronger controlled causality orientation (Hodgins et al., 1996), and that people become helpless or amotivated when their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are thwarted (Boggiano, 1998)....

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  • ...Other early experiments showed that positive feedback enhanced intrinsic motivation relative to no feedback (Boggiano & Ruble, 1979; Deci, 1971) and that negative feedback decreased intrinsic motivation relative to no feedback (Deci & Cascio, 1972). Deci and Ryan (1980) linked these results to the need for competence (White, 1959), suggesting that events such as positive feedback that signify effectance provide satisfaction of the need for competence, thus enhancing intrinsic motivation, whereas events such as negative feedback that convey ineffectance tend to thwart the need for competence and thus undermine intrinsic motivation. A study by Vallerand and Reid (1984) confirmed that felt competence mediated the...

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  • ...Other early experiments showed that positive feedback enhanced intrinsic motivation relative to no feedback (Boggiano & Ruble, 1979; Deci, 1971) and that negative feedback decreased intrinsic motivation relative to no feedback (Deci & Cascio, 1972). Deci and Ryan (1980) linked these results to the need for competence (White, 1959), suggesting that events such as positive feedback that signify effectance provide satisfaction of the need for competence, thus enhancing intrinsic motivation, whereas events such as negative feedback that convey ineffectance tend to thwart the need for competence and thus undermine intrinsic motivation....

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  • ..., 1994; Kuhl & Kazen, 1994), act incongruently (Sheldon, Ryan, Rawsthorne, & Ilardi, 1997), or become amotivated (Boggiano, 1998)....

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