The World Trade Network
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the tools of network analysis and graph theory to graphically and analytically represent the characteristics of world trade and compared the structure of the World Trade Network over time, detecting and interpreting patterns of trade ties among countries.
Abstract: This paper uses the tools of network analysis and graph theory to graphically and analytically represent the characteristics of world trade The structure of the World Trade Network is compared over time, detecting and interpreting patterns of trade ties among countries In particular, we assess whether the entrance of a number of new important players into the world trading system in recent years has changed the main characteristics of the existing structure of world trade, or whether the existing network was simply extended to a new group of countries We also analyze whether the observed changes in international trade flow patterns are related to the multilateral or the regional liberalization policies The results show that trade integration at the world level has been increasing but it is still far from being complete, with the exception of some areas, that there is a strong heterogeneity in the countries’ choice of partners, and that the WTO plays an important role in trade integration The role of the extensive and the intensive margin of trade is also highlighted
Citations
More filters
Posted Content•
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview and synthesis of the literatures analyzing games in which players are connected via a network structure, and discuss the impact of the structure of the network on individuals' behaviors.
Abstract: We provide an overview and synthesis of the literatures analyzing games in which players are connected via a network structure. We discuss, in particular, the impact of the structure of the network on individuals' behaviors. We focus on game theoretic modeling, but also include some discussion of analyses of peer effects, as well as applications to diffusion, employment, crime, industrial organization, and education.
324 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measure the trade interconnectedness among countries before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, and forecast the future direction of trade using trade network analysis and artificial neural networks.
Abstract: This article measures the trade interconnectedness among countries before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, and forecasts the future direction of trade. Using Trade Network Analysis and Artificial N...
302 citations
Cites methods from "The World Trade Network"
...Network analysis is applied to examine the center-periphery relationship among countries in trade (Benedictis and Tajoli 2011; Kali and Reyes 2007)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors claim that globalization has led to fragmentation and decentralized networks of power relations, which does not explain how states increasingly "weaponize interdependence" by leveraging glo...
Abstract: Liberals claim that globalization has led to fragmentation and decentralized networks of power relations. This does not explain how states increasingly “weaponize interdependence” by leveraging glo...
282 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use annual staple food production and trade data from 1992-2009 to analyse the changing properties of the global food system. And they show that the global system is relatively homogeneous and increases in complexity, with the number of global wheat and rice trade connections doubling and trade flows increasing by 42 and 90, respectively.
Abstract: The world food crisis in 2008 highlighted the susceptibility of the global food system to price shocks. Here we use annual staple food production and trade data from 1992-2009 to analyse the changing properties of the global food system. Over the 18-year study period, we show that the global food system is relatively homogeneous (85 of countries have low or marginal food self-sufficiency) and increases in complexity, with the number of global wheat and rice trade connections doubling and trade flows increasing by 42 and 90, respectively. The increased connectivity and flows within these global trade networks suggest that the global food system is vulnerable to systemic disruptions, especially considering the tendency for exporting countries to switch to non-exporting states during times of food scarcity in the global markets. To test this hypothesis, we superimpose continental-scale disruptions on the wheat and rice trade networks. We find greater absolute reductions in global wheat and rice exports along with larger losses in network connectivity as the networks evolve due to disruptions in European wheat and Asian rice production. Importantly, our findings indicate that least developed countries suffer greater import losses in more connected networks through their increased dependence on imports for staple foods (due to these large-scale disturbances): mean (median) wheat losses as percentages of staple food supply are 8.9 (3.8) for 1992-1996, increasing to 11 (5.7) for 20052009. Over the same intervals, rice losses increase from 8.2 (2.2) to 14 (5.2). Our work indicates that policy efforts should focus on balancing the efficiency of international trade (and its associated specialization) with increased resilience of domestic production and global demand diversity.
253 citations
References
More filters
Book•
25 Nov 1994TL;DR: This paper presents mathematical representation of social networks in the social and behavioral sciences through the lens of Dyadic and Triadic Interaction Models, which describes the relationships between actor and group measures and the structure of networks.
Abstract: Part I. Introduction: Networks, Relations, and Structure: 1. Relations and networks in the social and behavioral sciences 2. Social network data: collection and application Part II. Mathematical Representations of Social Networks: 3. Notation 4. Graphs and matrixes Part III. Structural and Locational Properties: 5. Centrality, prestige, and related actor and group measures 6. Structural balance, clusterability, and transitivity 7. Cohesive subgroups 8. Affiliations, co-memberships, and overlapping subgroups Part IV. Roles and Positions: 9. Structural equivalence 10. Blockmodels 11. Relational algebras 12. Network positions and roles Part V. Dyadic and Triadic Methods: 13. Dyads 14. Triads Part VI. Statistical Dyadic Interaction Models: 15. Statistical analysis of single relational networks 16. Stochastic blockmodels and goodness-of-fit indices Part VII. Epilogue: 17. Future directions.
17,104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three distinct intuitive notions of centrality are uncovered and existing measures are refined to embody these conceptions, and the implications of these measures for the experimental study of small groups are examined.
14,757 citations
Additional excerpts
...Countries 1980 130 23 (9) 33 28 49 9 2000 157 32 ( 15 ) 33 38 (10) 45 9...
[...]
TL;DR: This paper developed a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra-industry effects of international trade and showed how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market).
Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra-industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter-firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity.
9,036 citations
Book•
14 Nov 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the concept of graph coloring and propose a graph coloring algorithm based on the Eulers formula for k-chromatic graphs, which can be seen as a special case of the graph coloring problem.
Abstract: 1. Fundamental Concepts. Definitions and examples. Paths and proofs. Vertex degrees and counting. Degrees and algorithmic proof. 2. Trees and Distance. Basic properties. Spanning trees and enumeration. Optimization and trees. Eulerian graphs and digraphs. 3. Matchings and Factors. Matchings in bipartite graphs. Applications and algorithms. Matchings in general graphs. 4. Connectivity and Paths. Cuts and connectivity. k-connected graphs. Network flow problems. 5. Graph Coloring. Vertex colorings and upper bounds. Structure of k-chromatic graphs. Enumerative aspects. 6. Edges and Cycles. Line graphs and edge-coloring. Hamiltonian cycles. Complexity. 7. Planar Graphs. Embeddings and Eulers formula. Characterization of planar graphs. Parameters of planarity. 8. Additional Topics. Perfect graphs. Matroids. Ramsey theory. More extremal problems. Random graphs. Eigenvalues of graphs. Glossary of Terms. Glossary of Notation. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
7,126 citations
Additional excerpts
...(17) ( 36 ) (66) (82) (103) (119) Average of export markets 27.95 32.65 50.72 57.20 70.96 76.04...
[...]
Book•
30 Dec 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the development of social network analysis, tracing its origins in classical sociology and its more recent formulation in social scientific and mathematical work, is described and discussed. But it is argued that the analysis of social networks is not a purely static process.
Abstract: This paper reports on the development of social network analysis, tracing its origins in classical sociology and its more recent formulation in social scientific and mathematical work. It is argued...
6,366 citations