The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6)

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The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6)

Journal Article•

The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6)

01 Apr 2006-Asia-pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (Korean Meteorological Society)-Vol. 42, Iss: 2, pp 129-151

TL;DR: In this article, the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Single-Moment- Microphysics scheme (WSMMPs) with a revised ice-microphysics of the Hong et al. was examined for an idealized storm case and a heavy rainfall event over Korea.

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Abstract: This study examines the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Single-Moment- Microphysics scheme (WSMMPs) with a revised ice-microphysics of the Hong et al. In addition to the simple (WRF Single-Moment 3-class Microphysics scheme; WSM3) and mixed-phase (WRF Single-Moment 5-class Microphysics scheme; WSM5) schemes of the Hong et al., a more complex scheme with the inclusion of graupel as another predictive variable (WRF Single-Moment 6-class Microphysics scheme; WSM6) was developed. The characteristics of the three categories of WSMMPs were examined for an idealized storm case and a heavy rainfall event over Korea. In an idealized thunderstorm simulation, the overall evolutionary features of the storm are not sensitive to the number of hydrometeors in the WSMMPs; however, the evolution of surface precipitation is significantly influenced by the complexity in microphysics. A simulation experiment for a heavy rainfall event indicated that the evolution of the simulated precipitation with the inclusion of graupel (WSM6) is similar to that from the simple (WSM3) and mixed-phase (WSM5) microphysics in a low-resolution grid; however, in a high-resolution grid, the amount of rainfall increases and the peak intensity becomes stronger as the number of hydrometeors increases.

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Citations

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DOI•

A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3

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C. Skamarock, B. Klemp, Jimy Dudhia, O. Gill, Dale Barker, G. Duda, Xiang-Yu Huang, Wei Wang, G. Powers - Show less +5 more

01 Jan 2008

TL;DR: The Technical Note series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but which are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication.

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Abstract: The Technical Note series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but which are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR Scientific Divisions ; copies may be obtained on request from the Publications Office of NCAR. Designation symbols for the series include: Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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9,022 citations

Cites methods or result from "The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Micro..."

...Columns correspond to model physical processes: radiation (Rad), microphysics (MP), cumulus parameterization (CP), planetary boundary layer/vertical diffusion (PBL), and surface physics (Sfc)....
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...2 Yonsei University (YSU) PBL The Yonsei University PBL (Hong et al., 2006) is the next generation of the MRF PBL, also using the countergradient terms to represent fluxes due to non-local gradients....
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...57 8.4.2 Noah LSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ii 8.4.3 Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) Model LSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8.5 Planetary Boundary Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8.5.1 Medium Range Forecast Model (MRF) PBL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...59 8.5.2 Yonsei University (YSU) PBL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 8.5.3 Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) PBL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...2 Yonsei University (YSU) PBL The Yonsei University PBL (Hong et al., 2006) is the next generation of the MRF PBL, also using the countergradient terms to represent fluxes due to non-local gradients. This adds to the MRF PBL (Hong and Pan, 1996) an explicit treatment of the entrainment layer at the PBL top. The entrainment is made proportional to the surface buoyancy flux in line with results from studies with large-eddy models (Noh et al., 2003). The PBL top is defined using a critical bulk Richardson number of zero (compared to 0.5 in the MRF PBL), so is effectively dependent on the buoyancy profile, in which the PBL top is defined at the maximum entrainment layer (compared to the layer at which the diffusivity becomes zero). A smaller magnitude of the counter-gradient mixing in the YSU PBL produces a well-mixed boundary-layer profile, whereas there is a pronounced over-stable structure in the upper part of the mixed layer in the case of the MRF PBL. Details are available in Hong et al. (2006), including the analysis of the interaction between the boundary layer and precipitation physics....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes

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Song-You Hong¹, Yign Noh¹, Jimy Dudhia²•Institutions (2)

Yonsei University¹, National Center for Atmospheric Research²

01 Sep 2006-Monthly Weather Review

TL;DR: In this article, a revised vertical diffusion algorithm with a nonlocal turbulent mixing coefficient in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is proposed for weather forecasting and climate prediction models, which improves several features compared with the Hong and Pan implementation.

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Abstract: This paper proposes a revised vertical diffusion package with a nonlocal turbulent mixing coefficient in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Based on the study of Noh et al. and accumulated results of the behavior of the Hong and Pan algorithm, a revised vertical diffusion algorithm that is suitable for weather forecasting and climate prediction models is developed. The major ingredient of the revision is the inclusion of an explicit treatment of entrainment processes at the top of the PBL. The new diffusion package is called the Yonsei University PBL (YSU PBL). In a one-dimensional offline test framework, the revised scheme is found to improve several features compared with the Hong and Pan implementation. The YSU PBL increases boundary layer mixing in the thermally induced free convection regime and decreases it in the mechanically induced forced convection regime, which alleviates the well-known problems in the Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) PBL. Excessive mixing in the mixed layer in the presenc...

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5,363 citations

Cites methods from "The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Micro..."

...…2.0 of the WRF was used with the Noah land surface model (Chen and Dudhia 2001), and WRF single-moment six-class microphysics (Hong et al. 2004; Hong and Lim 2006), Dudhia (1989) simple cloudinteractive shortwave, and rapid radiative transfer model longwave radiation (Mlawer et al. 1997)…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China

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Yafang Cheng¹, Guangjie Zheng², Guangjie Zheng¹, Chao Wei¹, Qing Mu¹, Bo Zheng², Zhibin Wang¹, Meng Gao³, Qiang Zhang², Kebin He², Gregory R. Carmichael³, Ulrich Pöschl¹, Hang Su⁴ - Show less +9 more•Institutions (4)

Max Planck Society¹, Tsinghua University², University of Iowa³, Jinan University⁴

01 Dec 2016-Science Advances

TL;DR: In this paper, the missing source of sulfate and particulate matter can be explained by reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water, where the alkaline aerosol components trap SO 2, which is oxidized by NO 2 to form sulfate, whereby high reaction rates are sustained by the high neutralizing capacity of the atmosphere.

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Abstract: Fine-particle pollution associated with winter haze threatens the health of more than 400 million people in the North China Plain. Sulfate is a major component of fine haze particles. Record sulfate concentrations of up to ~300 μg m −3 were observed during the January 2013 winter haze event in Beijing. State-of-the-art air quality models that rely on sulfate production mechanisms requiring photochemical oxidants cannot predict these high levels because of the weak photochemistry activity during haze events. We find that the missing source of sulfate and particulate matter can be explained by reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water. The aerosol water serves as a reactor, where the alkaline aerosol components trap SO 2 , which is oxidized by NO 2 to form sulfate, whereby high reaction rates are sustained by the high neutralizing capacity of the atmosphere in northern China. This mechanism is self-amplifying because higher aerosol mass concentration corresponds to higher aerosol water content, leading to faster sulfate production and more severe haze pollution.

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821 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble

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Sven Kotlarski¹, Klaus Keuler², Ole Bøssing Christensen³, Augustin Colette, Michel Déqué⁴, Andreas Gobiet⁵, Klaus Goergen⁶, Daniela Jacob⁷, Daniel Lüthi¹, E. van Meijgaard⁸, Grigory Nikulin⁹, Christoph Schär¹, Claas Teichmann⁷, Robert Vautard⁴, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi¹⁰, Volker Wulfmeyer¹⁰ - Show less +12 more•Institutions (10)

ETH Zurich¹, Brandenburg University of Technology², Danish Meteorological Institute³, Centre national de la recherche scientifique⁴, University of Graz⁵, University of Bonn⁶, Max Planck Society⁷, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute⁸, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute⁹, University of Hohenheim¹⁰

10 Jul 2014-Geoscientific Model Development

TL;DR: In this article, an evaluation of the ERA-Interim-driven EURO-CORDEX regional climate model (RCM) ensemble is presented, focusing on near-surface air temperature and precipitation, and using the E-OBS data set as observational reference.

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Abstract: . EURO-CORDEX is an international climate downscaling initiative that aims to provide high-resolution climate scenarios for Europe. Here an evaluation of the ERA-Interim-driven EURO-CORDEX regional climate model (RCM) ensemble is presented. The study documents the performance of the individual models in representing the basic spatiotemporal patterns of the European climate for the period 1989–2008. Model evaluation focuses on near-surface air temperature and precipitation, and uses the E-OBS data set as observational reference. The ensemble consists of 17 simulations carried out by seven different models at grid resolutions of 12 km (nine experiments) and 50 km (eight experiments). Several performance metrics computed from monthly and seasonal mean values are used to assess model performance over eight subdomains of the European continent. Results are compared to those for the ERA40-driven ENSEMBLES simulations. The analysis confirms the ability of RCMs to capture the basic features of the European climate, including its variability in space and time. But it also identifies nonnegligible deficiencies of the simulations for selected metrics, regions and seasons. Seasonally and regionally averaged temperature biases are mostly smaller than 1.5 °C, while precipitation biases are typically located in the ±40% range. Some bias characteristics, such as a predominant cold and wet bias in most seasons and over most parts of Europe and a warm and dry summer bias over southern and southeastern Europe reflect common model biases. For seasonal mean quantities averaged over large European subdomains, no clear benefit of an increased spatial resolution (12 vs. 50 km) can be identified. The bias ranges of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble mostly correspond to those of the ENSEMBLES simulations, but some improvements in model performance can be identified (e.g., a less pronounced southern European warm summer bias). The temperature bias spread across different configurations of one individual model can be of a similar magnitude as the spread across different models, demonstrating a strong influence of the specific choices in physical parameterizations and experimental setup on model performance. Based on a number of simply reproducible metrics, the present study quantifies the currently achievable accuracy of RCMs used for regional climate simulations over Europe and provides a quality standard for future model developments.

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778 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Development of an Effective Double-Moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme with Prognostic Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) for Weather and Climate Models

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Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim¹, Song-You Hong¹•Institutions (1)

Yonsei University¹

01 May 2010-Monthly Weather Review

TL;DR: In this article, a new double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) Microphysics was developed.

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Abstract: A new double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) Microphysics scheme, which is based on the WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6) Microphysics scheme, has been developed. In addition to the prediction for the mixing ratios of six water species (water vapor, cloud droplets, cloud ice, snow, rain, and graupel) in the WSM6 scheme, the number concentrations for cloud and rainwater are also predicted in the WDM6 scheme, together with a prognostic variable of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration. The new scheme was evaluated on an idealized 2D thunderstorm test bed. Compared to the simulations from the WSM6 scheme, there are greater differences in the droplet concentration between the convective core and stratiform region in WDM6. The reduction of light precipitation and the increase of moderate precipitation accompanying a marked radar bright band near the freezing level from the WDM6 simulation tend to alleviate existing systematic biases in the case of the WSM6 scheme. The strength of this new microphysics scheme is its ability toallowflexibilityinvariableraindropsizedistributionbypredictingthenumberconcentrationsofcloudsand rain, coupled with the explicit CCN distribution, at a reasonable computational cost.

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697 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model

[...]

Yuh-Lang Lin¹, Richard D. Farley¹, Harold D. Orville¹•Institutions (1)

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology¹

01 Jun 1983-Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model was used to simulate a moderate intensity thunderstorm for the High Plains region, where six forms of water substance (water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail) were simulated.

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Abstract: A two-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model has been used to simulate a moderate intensity thunderstorm for the High Plains region. Six forms of water substance (water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail, i.e., graupel) are simulated. The model utilizes the “bulk water” microphysical parameterization technique to represent the precipitation fields which are all assumed to follow exponential size distribution functions. Autoconversion concepts are used to parameterize the collision-coalescence and collision-aggregation processes. Accretion processes involving the various forms of liquid and solid hydrometeors are simulated in this model. The transformation of cloud ice to snow through autoconversion (aggregation) and Bergeron process and subsequent accretional growth or aggregation to form hail are simulated. Hail is also produced by various contact mechanisms and via probabilistic freezing of raindrops. Evaporation (sublimation) is considered for all precipitation particles outsi...

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3,300 citations

"The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Micro..." refers methods in this paper

...2005), bulk microphysics schemes include the Kessler, Purdue Lin (Lin et al. 1983), Ferrier (new ETA), Wrf-Single-MomentMicrophysics (WSMMPs) (Hong et al....
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...In the WRF model (Skamarock et al. 2005), bulk microphysics schemes include the Kessler, Purdue Lin (Lin et al. 1983), Ferrier (new ETA), Wrf-Single-MomentMicrophysics (WSMMPs) (Hong et al. 2004) and Thompson (Thompson et al. 2004, MWR)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation

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Song-You Hong¹, Jimy Dudhia², Shu-Hua Chen³•Institutions (3)

Yonsei University¹, National Center for Atmospheric Research², University of California, Davis³

01 Jan 2004-Monthly Weather Review

TL;DR: In this paper, a revised approach to cloud microphysical processes in a commonly used bulk microphysics parameterization and the importance of correctly representing properties of cloud ice are discussed, and the impact of sedimentation of ice crystals is also investigated.

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Abstract: A revised approach to cloud microphysical processes in a commonly used bulk microphysics parameterization and the importance of correctly representing properties of cloud ice are discussed. Several modifications are introduced to more realistically simulate some of the ice microphysical processes. In addition to the assumption that ice nuclei number concentration is a function of temperature, a new and separate assumption is developed in which ice crystal number concentration is a function of ice amount. Related changes in ice microphysics are introduced, and the impact of sedimentation of ice crystals is also investigated. In an idealized thunderstorm simulation, the distribution of simulated clouds and precipitation is sensitive to the assumptions in microphysical processes, whereas the impact of the sedimentation of cloud ice is small. Overall, the modifications introduced to microphysical processes play a role in significantly reducing cloud ice and increasing snow at colder temperatures and ...

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2,277 citations

"The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Micro..." refers background or methods in this paper

...3a and 3b shows that the major contribution of the components in the WSM6 scheme is due to the effect of particular ingredients of ice microphysical processes in Hong et al.(2004), rather than the differences in the sedimentation velocity for snow and graupel....
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...It is found that the reason for the major differences in the simulated precipitation between the WSM6 and PLIN are due to the revised microphysics of Hong et al. (2004), not due to the smaller terminal velocity for graupel in the WSM6 than in the PLIN....
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...1983), Ferrier (new ETA), Wrf-Single-MomentMicrophysics (WSMMPs) (Hong et al. 2004) and Thompson (Thompson et al....
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...In the WRF model (Skamarock et al. 2005), bulk microphysics schemes include the Kessler, Purdue Lin (Lin et al. 1983), Ferrier (new ETA), Wrf-Single-MomentMicrophysics (WSMMPs) (Hong et al. 2004) and Thompson (Thompson et al. 2004, MWR)....
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