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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: The Clay Mineralogy of British Sediments by Perrin was published in 1971 and collated several decades of clay mineral research in the British Isles and for the first time presented all the data in a stratigraphical framework as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The publication of The Clay Mineralogy of British Sediments by Perrin in 1971 collated several decades of clay mineral research in the British Isles and for the first time presented all the data in a stratigraphical framework. While it quickly became a useful source of information for geologists, engineers and soil scientists, it also revealed many gaps in clay mineral data through the geological succession, stimulating further research. Within ten years of publication, a successor to Perrin's book was under discussion by the Clay Minerals Group. Inevitably, the enthusiasm for the concept of the project gave way to the patience of a long gestation. A successor to Perrin (1971) became a standing item on the agenda of Clay Minerals Group Committee meetings, and the bane of many a Chairman's three years in office. By the mid-1990s the project began to show real progress, gathering momentum from the success of an international series of 'Cambridge clay mineral diagenesis conferences' (1981, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1998) that were supported by the oil industry. A timely injection of financial support from the Joint Association for Petroleum Exploration Courses (JAPEC) ensured a successful conclusion for the project. The cost of publication has been borne by three sponsors: the Clay Minerals Group, JAPEC (UK: training), and the Mineralogical Society. Consequently, the financing of this Special Volume of Clay Minerals is entirely independent of the usual costs of publishing the journal. We owe our particular thanks to Kevin Murphy, Editorial Manager, for his care and humour in guiding Clay minerals in onshore and offshore strata of the British Isles through publication.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experiment on transformation of biotite (fraction < 1 μm) particles placed into containers with different permeability in the AEL horizon of podzolic soil was performed in order to estimate the contribution of different factors to the transformation of Biotite in the modern soil.
Abstract: An experiment on transformation of biotite (fraction <1 μm) particles placed into containers with different permeability in the AEL horizon of podzolic soil was performed in order to estimate the contribution of different factors to the transformation of biotite in the modern soil. After two-year-long incubation in the AEL horizon, biotite was transformed into vermiculite, mixed-layer biotite–vermiculite, and pedogenic chlorite. The most intense vermiculitization of the biotite took place under the impact of fungal hyphae and, to a lower degree, fine plant roots and components of the soil solution. The formation of labile structures from biotite was accompanied by thinning of the mica crystallites, the disturbance of the homogeneity of layers, the removal of interlayer K, the removal and oxidation of octahedral Fe, the increase in the sum of exchangeable cations, and the appearance of exchangeable Al. The process of chloritization was definitely diagnosed upon the action of plant roots and fungal hyphae on the biotite. Strong complexing anions released by fungal hyphae partly inhibited chloritization. Chloritization led to a decrease in the cation exchange capacity of vermiculitic structures.
7 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiscale molecular simulation protocol for predicting morphologies and properties of nanostructured polymer systems is presented, and applied to three examples of industrial relevance.
Abstract: A current challenge of physical, chemical, and engineering sciences is to develop computational tools for predicting the structure and properties of complex materials from the knowledge of a few input parameters. Accordingly, in this chapter, we present a multiscale molecular simulation protocol for predicting morphologies and properties of nanostructured polymer systems, and we apply it to three examples of industrial relevance. In this chapter, we will discuss a new strategy of study of many polymer–clay nanocomposites using multiscale molecular modeling (atomistic, mesoscale, and finite element calculations) for the prediction of morphological, thermophysical, mechanical, and transport properties, as well as for the development of theories and models for polymer nanocomposites.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a fractional analytical method is proposed by which the material composition of clay rocks can be quantified and the clay-forming minerals present can be characterised, which allows prediction of the physico-chemical and technological properties of the clay.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, satellite reflections occur close to the hematite diffraction spots and disappear on further heating, which correspond to a sinusoidal or square-wave structure amplitude modulation along the c-axis of the Hematite and corundum crystallites.
Abstract: Summary. Single crystal X-ray studies of the dehydration of goethite to hematite at low temperatures show that satellite reflections occur close to the hematite diffraction spots. At higher temperature these satellites are replaced by diffuse intensity regions, which disappear on further heating. The satellites are situated on each side of hematite spots on reciprocal lattice lines parallel to the c*-axis of the hematite; their spacing corresponds to a periodicity in direct space of about 32 A. A similar phenomenon is observed on the dehydration of diaspore to corundum, with a spacing for the satellites of about 39/~. The mode of occurrence of the satellites, both in position and intensity, could correspond to a sinusoidal or square-wave structure amplitude modulation along the c-axis of the hematite and corundum crystallites, before dehydration is complete.
7 citations