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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: Argillites of the Permian Mount Glossopteris Formation were analyzed for clay minerals, trace elements, and phosphate paleosalinity and found a salinity range of 29 to 33 parts per mille, designated the "paleosalinity signature" of the formation.
Abstract: Argillites of the Permian Mount Glossopteris Formation were analyzed for clay minerals, trace elements, and phosphate paleosalinity. Mainly degraded and stripped illites occur. The determined salinity range, 29 to 33 parts per mille is designated the "paleosalinity signature" of the formation. Analysis of trace elements supports phosphate paleosalinity determinations. Data from Leaia- bearing beds indicate a salinity range of 30 to 31 parts per mille that persisted some 137 years. Subsequent increase to 33 parts per mille corresponded to termination of leaiid occupancy of the area. These findings confirm and extend Nelson's study of phasphate paleosalinity.
5 citations
Cites methods from "The x-ray identification and crysta..."
...Oriented, nonoriented, and glycolated samples were used for x-ray diffraction analysis (4)....
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TL;DR: In this article, X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on soil samples collected from the Wakasa Bay area in Japan to obtain the characteristic composition of minerals based on the geologic properties of their mother's rocks.
Abstract: Soil samples of surface layer were collected in Wakasa Bay area which is composed of various geologic properties. Concentrations of background radionuclides in soil samples were determined by γ-ray spectrometry with a coaxial type and a planer type of Ge(Li) detectors. The spectra of soil samples obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis show the characteristic composition of minerals based on the geologic properties of their mother's rocks. The concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K in soil roughly correspond to the geologic properties. The highest concentrations of these four nuclides are the soil collected from granitic zone and next comes the soil from paleozoic zone. For homologous soil from granite and paleozoic the 40K contents decrease with increasing surface area, respectively. A good correlation between the 137Cs contents and the unsupported 210Pb contents was found in the soil samples of surface layer.
5 citations
TL;DR: Lateritic bauxite caps on flat-topped plateaux underlain by Precambrian khondalites along a 200-250 km stretch of the Eastern Ghats define the East Coast Bauxite province as discussed by the authors.
5 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the monolayer clay mineral exhibited outstanding stability under electron beam irradiation compared to two- or three-layered nanosheets via electron diffraction analysis.
Abstract: Among 2D materials, clay mineral nanosheets have been extensively studied owing to their specific features, such as high surface charge and large surface area. Recently, we reported a stable free-standing (without any surfactants or matrices) monolayer clay mineral, characterized via annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) at the atomic-scale. Herein, we demonstrated that the monolayer clay mineral exhibited outstanding stability under electron beam irradiation compared to two- or three-layered nanosheets via electron diffraction analysis. In addition to its low thickness (∼1 nm-thick), the absence of an interlayer space was the critical factor contributing to the distinctive stability of the monolayer clay mineral, compared to that of the two- or three-layered clay mineral. The findings here inspire further investigation in free-standing clay mineral using (S)TEM and also for a wide variety of nanomaterials which are strongly hydrated.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the well logs of Lake Baldeney, a reservoir of the Ruhr River, and found that the sedimentation rate was directly related to the subsidence caused by mining.
Abstract: Analysis of well logs of Lake Baldeney, a reservoir of the Ruhr River, yields four facies factors that reflect the effect of anthropogenic processes on the sediment. First, the sedimentation rate is directly related to the subsidence caused by mining. The extent of the subsidence was such that the sediment load of the river could not compensate for the sinking of the lake bottom. Discharged sediment filled about one-fifth of the basin within 40 years. In certain areas of the basin the sedimentation rate reached up to 10 cm per year. Second, the grain-size distribution of the sediment was influenced by long-term and short-term events. During the subsidence, grain-size distribution remained relatively constant. The destruction of the Mohne River dam during World War II resulted in the presence of an extremely large grain size as evidenced by the so-calledMohnelage. The filling of the lake after 1961 was accompanied by a continual increase in medium grain size. Third, until 1975, the mode of the lake sediment reflects the effect of mining in the vicinity of the lake. High coal content can be traced to its origin. The introduction of modern production processes, modernization of coal dressing, and hydraulic hauling is documented in the sediment. Finally, the heavy metal content of the sediment corresponds to the industrial development in the drainage area the Ruhr River. The accumulation of Cd reached an extreme concentration, exceeding the natural content by a thousand times. Variation in concentration reflects an increase in industrial production, as well as measures undertaken to restore water quality.
4 citations