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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: In this article, a study on these authigenic clays was carried out, where the major oxide contents of these clays and their ratios when plotted over diagrams marked with standard illite, kaolinite, smectite, and chlorite compositional fields showed clustering within or close to the illite field.
Abstract: Chemico-mineralogical attributes of authigenic clays associated with the altered volcanic tuffs that occur in the Palaeoproterozoic Porcellanite Formation contain evidences of hydrothermal alteration and diagenetic processes in a marine environment. Previous sedimentological and geochemical studies on Porcellanite Formation were restricted to the Chopan area, but, the details related to provenance, nature and source of volcanism archived in these clays have not been ascertained. In order to understand these aspects, present study on these authigenic clays were carried out. Clay minerals represent dominance of illite with subordinate amount of montmorillonite. Moreover, low abundance of kaolinite is also noticed. The illite fibers and plates associated with the kaolinite indicate illitization. The kaolinite to illite transformation is favoured by incorporation of K+ ions, derived from the K-feldspar dissolution and its overgrowth. Major oxide contents of these clays and their ratios when plotted over diagrams marked with standard illite, kaolinite, smectite and chlorite compositional fields show clustering within or close to the illite field. Thermodynamic components calculated for these clays when plotted over AR23+AlSi3O10(OH)2 − R23+Si4O10(OH)2 − AR2+R3+Si4O10(OH)2 ternary diagram, data plots lie within the illite, mixed layer I/S and smectite fields. Binary major oxide data plots between bulk rock and authigenic clay compositions showed felsic affinity. Montmorillonite and illite predominated in the eastern and western marginal areas of the Vindhyan Basin, respectively. However, former resulted from the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glass associated with the ferruginous breccia and altered tuffs and remnants of the volcanic vents, whereas, later is associated with the tuffaceous beds. Owing to the adsorption, Ba, Rb and Sr is enriched in clays comparing to the bulk rock composition. Low (
3 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that mixed-layered minerals (i.e. illite/smectite) present only in the superficial genetic horizons can indicate the origin of the clay material in soils developed from limestones (Rendzic Leptosols).
Abstract: Mineralogical (XRD) and micromorphological studies have show that clay mineral species can indicate the origin of the clay material in soils developed from limestones (Rendzic Leptosols). Smectite is an authigenic clay mineral in soils developed from Cretaceous soft micritic limestones, marls and opokas. Kaolinite is a para-authigenic mineral in soils developed from hard sparitic Devonian and Jurassic limestones. Its presence points to the relict terra rossa -type debris covers. Illite is of allogenic origin and indicates the admixture of silicate material from Quaternary glacial deposits. Mineralogical indicators of present-day pedogenesis are mixed-layered minerals (i.e. illite/smectite) present only in the superficial genetic horizons. The obtained results may be widely used in studies on the influence of geomorphologic processes and changing climate on the formation and evolution of soils developed from calcareous rocks.
3 citations
Cites background from "The x-ray identification and crysta..."
...The clay minerals were classified on the basis of the occurrence of 00l reflections diffractograms (Brindley and Brown 1980)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory investigation of the geotechnical properties of a marine clay saturated with a series of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations revealed large differences in behavior which depend on the exchangeable cations.
Abstract: A laboratory investigation of the geotechnical properties of a marine clay saturated with a series of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations revealed large differences in behavior which depend on the exchangeable cations. The exchangeable cations employed in this study are sodium (Na), potassium (K), ammonium (NH4), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and aluminum (Al) in order of increasing valency. An increase in the valency of the adsorbed cations leads to an improvement in the geotechnical properties of the marine clay, while for a constant valency an increase in the hydrated radius of the adsorbed cations results in a lower rate of consolidation. Analysis of the results show that geotechnical properties are improved for the marine clay with cations having higher valency and smaller hydrated ionic radius in the adsorbed complex. The beneficial changes in properties can be attributed to the improvement in the efficiency of flocculation as the valency of the adsorbed cations increases and the hydrated io...
3 citations
TL;DR: Identification of primary clay minerals species and mixtures of secondary layer-silicate minerals and of allophane have been made on some West Indian Soils as discussed by the authors, which are high in kaolinite, low in gibbsite, and contain montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, quartz, gold and chlorite.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the MELT-TEMPERATURE RANGE of SOILS with respect to their COMPOSITION was investigated, and a methodology was proposed to determine the full-melt-temperatures of SOIL with these data.
Abstract: A PROCEDURE IS GIVEN FOR DETERMINATION OF THE MELT RANGE OF SOIL-ADDITIVE MIXUTRES USING THE PHASE EQUILIBRIA APPROACH, THUS MAKING POSSIBLE THE CHOICE OF A FLUXING AGENT TO BRING THE MELT RANGE OF THE MIXTURES WITHIN THE CAPABILITIES OF EXISTING MOBILE DOWN-DRAFT HEATERS. THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDES THE MELT-TEMPERATURE RANGE OF SOILS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR COMPOSITION, AN ANALYSIS OF SOILS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE VARIOUS OXIDE COMBINATIONS FOUND IN SOIL TYPES COMPRISING THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, AND THE THERMAL STABILIZATION OF A SOIL BY USE OF A COMMON FLUXING AGENT TO LOWER THE INCIPIENT FUSION TEMPERATURE. THE BEHAVIOR OF SOILS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES WAS INVESTIGATED TO PREDICT PHASE CHANGES AND MELT RANGES FOR THE MINERAL COMBINATIONS EXISTING IN SOILS. A LIST OF COMMON CLAY AND NON-CLAY MINERALS IS PRESENTED, INCLUDING STRUCTURAL WATER CONTENTS, TYPICAL ATOMIC PROPORTIONS OF DRY MELT, AND MELT- TEMPERATURE RANGES, AND A METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR ESTIMATING THE FULL-MELT TEMPERATURES OF SOILS WITH THESE DATA. SOME ESTIMATED AND OBSERVED FUSION RANGES ARE GIVEN FOR SOIL AGGREGATE MATERIAL. MINERALOGY AND OXIDE COMBINATIONS OF COMMON SOIL TYPES OF THE WORLD ARE CONSIDERED, AND A LIST OF REPRESENTATIVE SOILS IS PRESENTED TOGETHER WITH THE SOIL MINERAL CONTENTS. A TYPICAL SOIL FROM THE SIERRA UPLIFT WAS INVESTIGATED FOR MINERAL CONTENT, AND THE REDUCTION IN SOIL TYPES OF THE WORLD ARE CONSIDERED, AND A LIST OF REPRESENTATIVE SOILS IS PRESENTED TOGETHER WITH THE SOIL MINERAL CONTENTS. A TYPICAL SOIL FROM THE SIERRA UPLIFT WAS INVESTIGATED FOR MINERAL CONTENT, AND THE REDUCTION IN SOIL FULL-MELT TEMPERATURE WAS ESTIMATED FOR INCREMENTS OF SODA ASH ADDITIVE NECESSARY TO BRING THE TEMPERATURE WITHIN USABLE RANGE FOR PRACTICAL THERMAL STABILIZATION. PYROMETRIC CONE TESTS, COMBINING VISUAL OBSERVATION WITH THERMO- ELECTRIC RECORDING, WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE SOIL-ADDITIVE INCIPIENT FUSION TEMPERATURES. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON THE EFFECTS OF TYPE AND AMOUNT OF FLUXING AGENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY STABILIZED SOILS /AUTHOR/
3 citations