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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive study of the composition, structure, and sorption properties of a typical representative of natural aluminosilicates has been performed, and the efficiency of extraction of nickel cations from aqueous solutions with a concentration of 10−5 to 10−2 M has been determined.
Abstract: Comprehensive study of the composition, structure, and sorption properties of a typical representative of natural aluminosilicates has been performed. The efficiency of extraction of nickel cations from aqueous solutions with a concentration of 10−5 to 10−2 M has been determined. Such sorbent characteristics as chemical and mineralogical composition, specific surface, porosity, maximum sorption capacity, and number of active sites (as well as its estimate obtained by heterogeneous potentiometric titration) have been found to be mutually consistent.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the composition of clay minerals and the temperature of smectite-illite transformation in the Permian Donnersberg Formation of a geothermal borehole in the Northern Upper Rhine Graben (Germany).
Abstract: Hydrothermally altered rhyolite rocks in the Permian Donnersberg Formation of a geothermal borehole in the Northern Upper Rhine Graben (Germany) were investigated to find out answers for the low hydraulic conductivity of the rocks The composition of clay minerals and the temperature of smectite–illite transformation were carried out using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized-light microscopy analyses Clay mineral (CM) composition includes illite/muscovite (1M and 2M1 polytypes), illite–smectite interstratifications (IS-ml), smectite, and chlorite; and non-clay minerals such as quartz, feldspars, epidote, calcite, dolomite, and hematite were detected The 2M1-polytype mica might be the only primary sheet silicates from the parent rocks, while the others occur as authigenic neo-formed CMs under heat flow and geothermal gradient The development of CMs indicates different mechanisms of illitization and smectitization Based on the texture, morphology, structure/polytype, and chemistry of rocks and minerals, in particular CMs, the study grouped the CM formation into three transformation processes: smectitization during magma cooling and possible contact metamorphisms with decreasing and low temperature, smectite illitization controlled by burial diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration, and illite smectitization followed exhumation and Cenozoic subsidence with decreasing temperature The rhyolites were altered to all of the orders IS-R0, IS-R1, and IS-R3 by the dissolution-precipitation and layer-to-layer mechanisms The first one supported small xenomorphic plates and flakes of 1Md, elongated particles of 1M, and pseudo-hexagonal forms of 2M1 The second one could lead to the platy particles of 1Md and 2M1 polytypes The dominant temperature range for the transformation in the area has been 140–170 °C– ~ 230 °C
3 citations
Cites background from "The x-ray identification and crysta..."
...The term “illite” is referred to the micaceous CM which is a slight departure from the 10 Å d (001) reflection of illites defied by Brown (1961)....
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3 citations
05 Sep 1966-The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists,Petrologists and Economic Geologists
TL;DR: The light green mineral from the Oeyama nickel mine has been identified to be nickeliferous sepiolite being a very rare mineral by means of chemical analysis, electron micrographs, thermal curves and x-ray diffraction as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The light green mineral from the Oeyama nickel mine has been identified to be nickeliferous sepiolite being a very rare mineral by means of chemical analysis, electron micrographs, thermal curves and x-ray diffraction. Its occurrence seems to be the first recorded in Japan. The mineralogical properties generally agree with those of fibrous type sepiolites described in the literatures, but the thermal effects on this mineral are somewhat different from those on the fibrous type. From the electron micrographs and X-ray analyses, it has been confirmed that the Oeyama nickeliferous sepiolite is composed of fibrous particles which are not uniform in length and have higher crystallinity than that of the sepiolite from this mine described recently. The chemical formula for this mineral was 12 SiO2•8 (Ni, Fe, Mg) O•17H 2O. Of this 17H 2O obtained from the chemical analysis 3H 2O were considered to be possibly hygroscopic water in comparison with the Preisinger formula.
3 citations
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the evidence for the various hypotheses put forward to explain the origin of the Chalk montmoriUonite and concluded that the second of these assemblages is of detrital origin, introduced into the Lower Chalk seas by currents flowing mainly from areas to the east and south-east of England.
Abstract: The evidence is reviewed for the various hypotheses put forward to explain the origin of the Chalk montmoriUonite. Recent X-ray investigation of the mineralogy of the acid-insoluble clay fractions (buffered 2 N acetic acid at pH 3; ~2 /~ e.s.d.) of the Lower Chalk of England sheds light on the origin of the montmoriUonite. The relations between the qualitative and semi-quantitative mineralogy of the clay fractions and the facies and stratigraphy in this formation have been studied in detail. Montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite, pyrophyUite, mixed-layer minerals, quartz, low-temperature cristobalite and apatite have been identified; their semi-quantita- tive distribution reveals that two main antipathetic assemblages are present, between which all gradations occur. The first is characterized by montmoriUonite, fllite, quartz and by montmorillonite/iUite (M/I) values of 0.7 and above; and the second by iUite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and by M/I values of below 0"2. The distribution of these assemblages or of any particular mineral does not show obvious relations to the facies or stratigraphy. There is strong evidence that the second of these assemblages is of detrital origin, introduced into the Lower Chalk seas by currents flowing mainly from areas to the east and south-east of England. There is no evidence to suggest that the montmorillonite and the illite of the first assemblage are of detrital or volcanic origin, and their distribution in the Lower Chalk is best explained by their neoformation in the sediment on the sea floor by precipitation from the porewaters. By extrapolation it is thought that most of the Chalk montmorillonite of clay- grade is of neoformational origin. Some from the Campanian and younger Chalks may be detrital. Locally in N.W. Germany and possibly Poland minor amounts may have been derived from the decomposition of volcanic glass in the Chalk seas.
3 citations