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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: In this article, it was found that the strong absorbent in the quarry is the altered volcanic material called Miso, which is commonly dark blue in colour in unweathered deep places, but easily turns to black within a few hours and finally to brown in a few weeks.
Abstract: The tuffaceous sediments are widely distributed in Japan, and have utilized for building stone at every where for many centuries. The production of the tuffaceous sediments at Oya, Tochigi Prefecture, is regarded as the largest in Japan. This tuf- faceous sediment called Oya-ishi, contains many altered volcanic rock fragments. We have experienced that there are only 19% of oxygen in the air at some level of quarries where exposed large amount of altered materials in tuffaceous sediments. The accidents due to oxygen deficiency have happened and will be happened where the worksite is narrow and ill-ventilation, especially in places where are absorbent and/or dilution agents of oxygen. We found that the strong absorbent in the quarry is the altered volcanic material called Miso. The Miso is confirmed the mixture of ferrous dioctahedral and ferrous trioctahedral smectite which are situated in deep portions of the quarry, and are stable under the reducing environment. The Miso is commonly dark blue in colour in unweathered deep places, but easily turns to black within a few hour and finally to brown in a few weeks. The oxidized Miso is re- cognized as the mixture of ferric dioctahedral and ferric trioctahedral smectite without any other impurities such as iron oxides. The ferrous smectites being stable under the reducing condition, absorb oxygen to become the stable ferric smectites under the normal condition, and oxygen is consumed by this reaction.It may be a first report that ferrous iron in the structure of minerals is so easily and spontaneously oxidized to ferric iron in them under the normal temperature and environment.
3 citations
TL;DR: The minerales de la arcilla, en orden decreciente, montmorillonita-paligorskita-ilita-caolinita as discussed by the authors, se caracterizan por: Pelitas turbiditicas: gris claro; capas de 3-70 cm; bioturbacion limitada a techo; 60 por 100 de contenido medio en calcita (esencialmente biogenica); razon carbonatos/cuarzo + feldespatos 10; mi -nerales
Abstract: Aparte de las evidencias que suministra la disposicion en las secuencias, las pelitas turbiditicas y hemipelagitas, en la Formacion Fardes, se caracterizan por: Pelitas turbiditicas: gris claro; capas de 3-70 cm; bioturbacion limitada a techo; 60 por 100 de contenido medio en calcita (esencialmente biogenica); razon carbonatos/cuarzo + feldespatos 10; mi - nerales de la arcilla --en orden decreciente-- montmorillonita-paligorskita-ilita-caolinita. Islemipelagitas: verde oscuro; capas delgadas (menos de 20 cm); bioturbacion extensa y selectiva; menos del 3 por 100 de contenido medio en calcita + dolomita; relacion carbonatos/cuarzo + feldespatos = 0,20; existencia de pirita, goethita, yeso, natrojarosita e indicios de materia organica; minerales de la arcilla, en orden decreciente, montmorillonita-ilita.paligorskita-caolinita-( clorita).
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the depositional setting and diagenetic processes of gypsiferous sediments known as the Koluz gypsum member located in the northeast of Van (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey).
Abstract: This study investigates the depositional setting and diagenetic processes of gypsiferous sediments known as the Koluz gypsum member located in the northeast of Van (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey). The commencement of still-active contractional regime due to the collision of Eurasian and Arabian plates gave way to uplift events on the active Eurasian margin. This uplift initially resulted in termination of marine sedimentation and commencement of continental deposition in the region. The Middle-Late Miocene Kurtdeligi formation is one of the oldest products of the continental setting in the Eastern Anatolia. Sedimentologic and petrographic analyses conducted on the Koluz gypsum member of the formation, the main concern of this study, indicate that the member is represented by secondary gypsum (massive, laminated, nodular, satin spar) and primary gypsum lithofacies (selenite, gypsum arenite, discoidal and radial). The secondary gypsum facies are formed after hydration of anhydrite and anhydritizated primary gypsums. Additionally, mineralogical and geochemical studies suggest that carbonate (dolomite and calcite) and detrital materials found within the member formed during the deposition or late diagenetic processes. The high major and trace element values determined by XRF analyses also indicate intense detrital influx and accordingly terrestrial origin for the basin. Sedimentary textures and lithofacies of the member show a typical ephemeral playa complex, which was likely fed by both evaporation and groundwater discharge. Tectonism, climate, salinity variation, biologic activity and diagenetic and hydrothermal fluids play major roles in the formation and transformation of these sediments to each other.
3 citations
Cites methods from "The x-ray identification and crysta..."
...The % contents of minerals were determined using mass absorption coefficients in accordance with standard published methods by Brown (1961) and Gündoğdu (1982) and from their characteristic d spacing, using Bragg’s law (nk = 2d sinh) (Brindley and Brown 1980)....
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3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the economic clay deposit at Meandu Creek was formed by devitrification and alteration of pyroclastic material, and that the parent ash was more akin in composition to alkali acid volcanic rocks than to the basaltic lavas that blanketed the surrounding highlands.
Abstract: Remnant ash particles, vitric lapilli and pumice fragments established that the economic clay deposit at Meandu Creek was formed by devitrification and alteration of pyroclastic material. The assemblage of trace elements niobium, zirconium and yttrium suggested that the parent ash was more akin in composition to alkali‐acid volcanic rocks than to the basaltic lavas that blanketed the surrounding highlands.Variations in composition, pre‐depositional and diagenetic history of the parent ash were responsible for subdivision of the deposit into three horizons characterised by different clay minerals.Hydrated halloysite, allophane and gibbsite in the basal horizon were formed by subaerial weathering of the ash, and were subsequently deposited and preserved in an aqueous environment. Montmorillonite and α‐cristobalite in the central horizon were produced by alteration of the ash in place under conditions of impeded drainage. Kaolinite in the upper horizon formed by the weathering of the montmorillonite in a freely leached environment.
3 citations