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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: In this article, three clay samples were collected from the El Kef, Douiret and Gafsa basins and calcined at different temperatures using chemical and mineralogical analyses, thermogravimetry, dilatometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a number of variable charge montmorillonites were prepared, and one portion of each sample was extracted with ammonium chloride, while a second portion was first saturated with calcium chloride, washed, and then extracted with amounder chloride.
Abstract: A number of variable charge montmorillonites were prepared. One portion of each sample was extracted with ammonium chloride, while a second portion was first saturated with calcium chloride, washed, and then extracted with ammonium chloride. In both cases, the number of cations displaced by ammonium chloride was determined. The number of calcium ions displaced from Ca-saturated samples was higher than the sum of the number of lithium and calcium ions displaced from Li, Ca-mixed samples. The differences, increasing towards Li-rich end of the series are assumed to be due to protons liberated from the reaction of lithium ions with either structural hydroxyl groups or residual water molecules, as has been shown by other investigators. Supplementary X-ray and i.r. data lend support to this idea.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the deformation features in shocked biotites from crystalline rocks of the Ries crater, including kink bands, planar elements, and plastic lattice deformations as determined by X-ray investigations.
Abstract: Mechanical deformation features in shocked biotites from crystalline rocks of the Ries crater are: kink bands, planar elements, and plastic lattice deformations as determined by X-ray investigations. Kink bands can be observed in micas of various pressure histories (stages 0, I, II and less frequently stage III of shock metamorphism). Kink bands in shocked micas are less symmetrical than kinks of static origin. Asymmetry increases with increasing dynamic pressures. Moreover, kink band width is sensitive against changing peak pressures. Distribution of kinked and undistorted micas within a rock permits to fix the shock front direction. Shock-induced kinks in micas are produced by various gliding processes in the cleavage plane (001). Planar elements seldom occur in biotites of shock stages II and III and have never been described in endogenic rocks. Up to now orientations of planar elements parallel to (111), (1¯11), (112) and (11¯2) have been determined. Planar elements are interpreted as planes of plastic lattice gliding. {[110]} is supposed to be the main gliding direction. In the same pressure region other plastic lattice deformations have been determined. They are orientated parallel to (001), (100) and (¯132) or (201) which results from single crystal X-ray investigations and may represent planes of plastic lattice gliding. The dependency of formation of gliding planes and gliding directions on increasing dynamic pressures will be discussed.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the physicico-chemical properties of the sediment samples obtained from marine deposits of east and west metropolitan coastal cities of India are discussed, and the test results obtained are compared with the synthetic samples such as bentonite and kaolinite.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed the properties of vermiculites from Tanzania with respect to the temperature used to expand them, including water release characteristics, cation exchange capacity, pH, mass loss and bulk density.
20 citations