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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals
01 Jan 1961-
About: The article was published on 1961-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 966 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Clay minerals.
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TL;DR: In this article, the mineralogical composition of unweathered samples were determined by using X-ray and thermal methods and the processes which are believed to take place during the weathering are described.
Abstract: The mineralogical composition was determined by using X-ray and thermal methods. The unweathered samples were composed of dioctahedral illite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspars. The following changes were observed as a function of weathering: chlorite → mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite → vermiculite, and illite → mixed-layer illite-vermiculite with regular alternation of the two types of layers. The processes which are believed to take place during the weathering are described. The influence of weathering in postglacial times was observed to a depth of 3–4 m. In this zone an increase in ionic exchange capacities was observed as the depth decreased, due to the increasing content of vermiculite. The composition of exchangeable ions gradually changed, and the concentration of H+-ions also gradually increased with decreasing depth. The changes of the clay minerals caused an increase in activity and shear strength.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed two samples of mixed-layer material, which differ only in the proportions of the layers, to determine whether a given mixed layer sample is a single phase or a polyphase aggregate.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the geomorphic and pedogenic processes that originated the soils infilling these depressions and concluded that the soils inside the kettle holes are a repository of geomorphic, pedogenic and, in reference to the source of the charcoal, paleo-environmental information.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray diffraction of fine clays was indicative of admixtures of discrete smectite, mica and kaolinite, in decreasing order of abundance, comprised total clay fractions.
Abstract: Clay fractions of subsoils from Southern Alberta were characterized by X-ray diffraction using improved methods of sample preparation and pretreatment control and recently reported criteria for identification of interstratified mica-smectite. Diffraction behavior of fine clays was indicative of admixtures of discrete smectite, mica and kaolinite. High angle diffraction characteristics suggested that clay fractions did not contain interstratified mica-montmorillonite. Smectite, mica, kaolinite and chlorite, in decreasing order of abundance, comprised total clay fractions. Use of the complete set of specimen pretreatments and criteria allowed identification of two smectite species and indicated that vermiculite and mixed-layer clays, previously reported to occur in these soils, are not constituents of clay separates.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the experimental performance of a microwave-based system for the exfoliation of vermiculite type minerals was investigated and the relationship between the form of hydration and degree of expansion was derived.
17 citations