Book•
Theory of International Politics
01 Jan 1979-
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7932 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Global politics & International relations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the First World War clearly contravenes the liberal view that high levels of economic interdependence are conducive to peace and argue that realists are also wrong.
Abstract: I Economic ties were more extensive and significant in the period before 1914 than at any time before or since, and the chief protagonists of the period, Britain and Germany, were one another’s best customers. Yet Britain and Germany pursued much different foreign policies; Germany pursued an aggressive, expansionist foreign policy and Britain responded with an ambivalent ”straddle policy” toward Germany that was a mix of balancing and conciliation. Many argue that such disparate behavior and the outbreak of World War I falsify the view held by many liberal theorists of international relations that high levels of economic interdependence are conducive to peace; realist critics also suggest that this affirms their position that the requisites of high politics dominate in international politics.’ While the First World War clearly contravenes the liberal view, I argue that the realists are also wrong. Economic interdependence had a profound effect on British and German strategies in balance-of-power politics in the period leading up to August 1914, but the two pursued much different foreign policies because of
83 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The first attempt to bring together the leading critical theorists of world politics to discuss both the promise and the pitfalls of their work was made in this article, where the authors range broadly across the terrain of the world politics, engaging with both theory and emancipatory practice.
Abstract: This book represents the first attempt to bring together the leading critical theorists of world politics to discuss both the promise and the pitfalls of their work. The authors range broadly across the terrain of world politics, engaging with both theory and emancipatory practice. Critiques by two scholars from other IR traditions are also included. The result is a seminal statement of the critical theory approach to understanding world politics, an essential point of reference for future work in the field.
83 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that the predominant operationalizations of enduring rivalries use a period of time without a militarized dispute to identify the termination of such rivalries and argued that this misses the tr...
Abstract: The predominant operationalizations of enduring rivalries use a period of time without a militarized dispute to identify the termination of such rivalries. The author argues that this misses the tr...
83 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the construction of norms in the settlements of security-related disputes and the effects these settlements have on subsequent militarized interactions and find strong support for the hypothesis that states can and do construct normative standards that guide their behavior in international crises, whereas realist theory receives only mixed support.
Abstract: In this work I test the proposition that normative standards of behavior can influence state actions in security-related conflicts. Specifically, I examine the construction of norms in the settlements of security-related disputes and the effects these settlements have on subsequent militarized interactions. I argue that dispute settlements alter subsequent crisis bargaining in two important ways. First, they act as normative referents that alter the interpretation of subsequent crisis bargaining behavior both by identifying a solution to the dispute which alleviates fears of demands for future concessions and by defining a set of acts which both sides consider illegitimate. Second, in combination with the response to their violation, dispute settlements inflict reputational costs on states that violate them. I test these arguments against a realist theory of crisis bargaining through an analysis of 122 reinitiated international crises between 1929 and 1979. I find strong support for the hypothesis that states can and do construct normative standards that guide their behavior in international crises, whereas realist theory receives only mixed support.
83 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the implementation of European Union social policy directives through a new quantitative data set and qualitative case studies of Greece and Spain, concluding that international organizations can shape national social policies by reorienting the axes of contestation from left-right to supranational-subnational.
Abstract: How can international organizations shape national welfare states? The answer depends on why national governments comply with international organization mandates. Enforcement theories predict that states’ policy preferences determine implementation, whereas managerial theories attribute noncompliance to states’ capability limitations and to institutions. This article derives specific compliance mechanisms from these theories and examines the implementation of European Union social policy directives through a new quantitative data set and qualitative case studies of Greece and Spain. Countries whose preferences diverge from social policy directives, specifically countries lacking related early national legislation, and countries with low labor costs, delay implementation. However, delays from capability limitations are much greater – poor bureaucracies, federal states, coalition governments, and parliaments that do not prepare for directives cause big delays. These findings suggest that international organizations can shape national social policies by reorienting the axes of contestation from left-right to supranational-subnational.
83 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...Two strands of institutionalist theories can be usefully applied to understanding compliance: institutionalist work examining international organizations 8See Waltz 1979; Aron 1966....
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References
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5,295 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge, proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses as discussed by the authors. But the notion of proven knowledge was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
Abstract: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge — proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses. Wisdom and intellectual integrity demanded that one must desist from unproven utterances and minimize, even in thought, the gap between speculation and established knowledge. The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics. Einstein’s results again turned the tables and now very few philosophers or scientists still think that scientific knowledge is, or can be, proven knowledge. But few realize that with this the whole classical structure of intellectual values falls in ruins and has to be replaced: one cannot simply water down the ideal of proven truth - as some logical empiricists do — to the ideal of’probable truth’1 or — as some sociologists of knowledge do — to ‘truth by [changing] consensus’.2
4,969 citations
4,163 citations
17 Feb 1966
TL;DR: This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, Theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theoryof image recognition, etc.
Abstract: : This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theory of image recognition, etc. Discussions are given of the fundamentals of the theory of boolean functions, algorithm theory, principles of the design of electronic digital computers and universal algorithmical languages, fundamentals of perceptron theory, some theoretical questions of the theory of self-organizing systems. Many fundamental results in mathematical logic and algorithm theory are presented in summary form, without detailed proofs, and in some cases without any proof. The book is intended for a broad audience of mathematicians and scientists of many specialties who wish to acquaint themselves with the problems of modern cybernetics.
2,922 citations