Book•
Theory of International Politics
01 Jan 1979-
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7932 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Global politics & International relations.
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01 Jun 2006
Abstract: 1. Justice requires democracy. 2. Human rights are a proper subset of the rights founded on justice: so a society that fully protects human rights is not ipso facto just. 3. A conception of human rights is part of an ideal of global public reason: a shared basis for political argument that expresses a common reason that adherents of conXicting religious, philosophical, and ethical traditions can reasonably be expected to share. 4. That conception includes an account of membership, and human rights are entitlements that serve to ensure the bases of membership. 5. The democracy that justice requires is associated with a demanding conception of equality, more demanding than the idea of membership associated with human rights.
77 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...See Waltz (1979) and Mearsheimer (2001) for general statements of realist skepticism about the relevance of regime type to the conduct of international politics....
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TL;DR: The authors assesses hypotheses and evidence about democratic transitions within states and transformations in the interaction among states and concludes that arguments based on necessary conditions are not compelling and suggests that global democracy may be unlikely but it is not impossible.
Abstract: Scepticism about the possibility of a democratically governed global polity is often rooted in beliefs about ‘necessary conditions’. Some democracy scholars consider a transition to global democracy to be incompatible with necessary conditions for democratic governance, while some International Relations scholars consider it to be incompatible with necessary conditions for international structural change. This article assesses hypotheses and evidence about democratic transitions within states and transformations in the interaction among states and concludes that arguments based on necessary conditions are not compelling. This suggests that global democracy may be unlikely but it is not impossible.
77 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...Even Kenneth Waltz, whose theory is based on the distinction between anarchy and hierarchy as types of structure, acknowledged that in reality ‘[a]ll societies are mixed’ (Waltz, 1979: 116)....
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...(Gilpin, 1981: 86–87) Waltz has stressed the constraining role of anarchic structures, which promote balanceof-power behaviour through socialization (emulation of the most successful practices) and competition (elimination of units that do not respond to structural incentives) (Waltz, 1979: 74)....
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...States that fail to conform to structural imperatives will eventually ‘fall by the wayside’ and the behaviour of all units will converge towards Realpolitik methods (Waltz, 1979: 117–118)....
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TL;DR: The authors argue that the relations among nations are inevitably conflictual and argue that states pursue relative self-regarding policies, but debate over whether states pursue such policies is open-ended.
Abstract: Are the relations among nations inevitably conflictual? Neorealism and neoliberalism share the rationalist assumption that states are self-regarding, but debate over whether states pursue relative ...
77 citations
25 Feb 2020
TL;DR: A field-analytical methodology for research knowledge-based sociopolitical processes of transnationalization is proposed in this paper. But the methodology is not suitable for the analysis of complex social relationships in and beyond the nation-state.
Abstract: The volume provides a field-analytical methodology for researching knowledgebased sociopolitical processes of transnationalization. Drawing on seminal work by Pierre Bourdieu, we apply concepts of practice, habitus, and field to phenomena such as cross-national social trajectories, international procedures of evaluation, standardization, and certification, or supranational political structures. These transnational phenomena form part of general political struggles that legitimate social relationships in and beyond the nation-state. Part 1 on methodological foundations discusses the consequences of Bourdieu’s epistemology and methodology for theorizing and investigating transnational phenomena. The contributions show the importance of field-theoretical concepts for post-national insights. Part 2 on investigating political fields presents exemplary case studies in diverse research areas such as colonial imperialism, international academic rankings, European policy fields, and local school policy. While focusing on their research objects, the contributions also give an insight into the mechanisms involved in processes of transnationalization. The volume is an invitation for sociologists, political scientists, and scholars in adjacent research areas to engage with reflexive and relational research practice and to further develop field-theoretical thought.
77 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...In the 1970s, Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane picked up on this initial impulse in their rejection of neorealism (Waltz, 1959, 1979) and the associated turn toward “transnational relations”, i.e., toward “contacts, coalitions, and interactions across state boundaries that are not controlled by the…...
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Book•
28 Apr 2016
TL;DR: The authors argue that the strongest members of the international community have a decisive influence over whether today's secessionists become countries tomorrow and that their support is conditioned on parochial political considerations.
Abstract: From Kurdistan to Somaliland, Xinjiang to South Yemen, all secessionist movements hope to secure newly independent states of their own. Most will not prevail. The existing scholarly wisdom provides one explanation for success, based on authority and control within the nascent states. With the aid of an expansive new dataset and detailed case studies, this book provides an alternative account. It argues that the strongest members of the international community have a decisive influence over whether today's secessionists become countries tomorrow and that, most often, their support is conditioned on parochial political considerations.
77 citations
References
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5,295 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge, proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses as discussed by the authors. But the notion of proven knowledge was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
Abstract: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge — proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses. Wisdom and intellectual integrity demanded that one must desist from unproven utterances and minimize, even in thought, the gap between speculation and established knowledge. The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics. Einstein’s results again turned the tables and now very few philosophers or scientists still think that scientific knowledge is, or can be, proven knowledge. But few realize that with this the whole classical structure of intellectual values falls in ruins and has to be replaced: one cannot simply water down the ideal of proven truth - as some logical empiricists do — to the ideal of’probable truth’1 or — as some sociologists of knowledge do — to ‘truth by [changing] consensus’.2
4,969 citations
4,163 citations
17 Feb 1966
TL;DR: This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, Theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theoryof image recognition, etc.
Abstract: : This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theory of image recognition, etc. Discussions are given of the fundamentals of the theory of boolean functions, algorithm theory, principles of the design of electronic digital computers and universal algorithmical languages, fundamentals of perceptron theory, some theoretical questions of the theory of self-organizing systems. Many fundamental results in mathematical logic and algorithm theory are presented in summary form, without detailed proofs, and in some cases without any proof. The book is intended for a broad audience of mathematicians and scientists of many specialties who wish to acquaint themselves with the problems of modern cybernetics.
2,922 citations