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Theory of International Politics
01 Jan 1979-
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7932 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Global politics & International relations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors formalized Putnam's theory of two-level games to integrate the studies of uncertainty and the second image, and the distinction between domestic and international asymmetric information turns out to be subtle yet important.
Abstract: Recent studies of uncertainty in international relations treat nation-states as unitary actors, but it may be more realistic to suppose that uncertainty also arises from domestic decision-making processes. By formalizing Putnam's theory of two-level games, this article attempts to integrate the studies of uncertainty and the “second image.” The distinction between domestic and international asymmetric information turns out to be subtle yet important. When there is complete information and international asymmetric information, domestic constraints may or may not enhance bargaining power; but they do not make successful ratification difficult. On the other hand, when there is incomplete domestic information, successful ratification is not guaranteed although the expected payoffs of the constrained negotiators may be still greater than without domestic constraints.
227 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the relationship between neofunctional reasoning and the study of collective identities and show that socialization into European identity works not so much through transnational processes or through exposure to European institutions, but on the national levels in a process whereby Europeanness or "becoming European" is gradually being embedded in understandings of national identities.
Abstract: This article concentrates on the relationship between neofunctionalist reasoning and the study of collective identities. Recent research confirms what Ernst B. Haas already knew in 1958, namely, that transferring loyalty to Europe and the EU is possible without giving up one's national (or regional or local or gender) identities. But preliminary results challenge the assumption that the transfer of loyalties on to the European level simply followed from the material benefits received through European integration. At the same time, the evidence suggests that socialization into European identity works not so much through transnational processes or through exposure to European institutions, but on the national levels in a process whereby Europeanness or ‘becoming European’ is gradually being embedded in understandings of national identities. This latter reasoning also sheds light on the double puzzle of European integration, i.e. the persistent balance in the EU's constitution-building between supra...
226 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...Realism – from Morgenthau to Waltz (Morgenthau 1948; Waltz 1979 ) – tells us that states are ex-...
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...International relations theory presents a ready-made explanation for the puzzle, of course: Realism – from Morgenthau to Waltz (Morgenthau 1948; Waltz 1979) – tells us that states are extremely unlikely to give up external sovereignty and the ultimate decision over war and peace....
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TL;DR: This article argued that a burgeoning China poses a long-term danger to Asia-Pacific security for two reasons: first, despite Japan's present economic strength, a future Chinese hegemony in East Asia is a strong possibility, while Japan's inherent weaknesses create doubts about the ability of the Japanese to increase or sustain.
Abstract: I Northeast Asia has been relatively peaceful for the past forty years. The post-Cold War era, however, will bring new security challenges to the Asia-Pacific region. Perhaps the most serious of these challenges involves China’s expected emergence as a major economic power in the near future. While a developed, prosperous Chinese economy offers the region many potential benefits, it would also give China the capability to challenge Japan for domination of East Asia. China’s recent economic growth signals a change in East Asia’s distribution of power and draws renewed attention to Chinese foreign policy. What are the consequences of Chinese economic growth for regional security?’ I argue that a burgeoning China poses a long-term danger to Asia-Pacific security for two reasons. First, despite Japan’s present economic strength, a future Chinese hegemony in East Asia is a strong possibility. China is just beginning to realize its vast economic potential, while Japan’s inherent weaknesses create doubts about the ability of the Japanese to increase or sustain
226 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived models of the processes by which garrison states emerge and persist in autocracies and democracies, and showed that states with high material capabilities are more likely to become garrison states than weaker states, which tend to avoid international conflict and to rely on accommodation in internal conflicts.
Abstract: Modern states are powerful, resilient institutions, the most durable of which have established and consolidated their rule through conquest, revolution, and war. Successful involvement in violent conflict leads to the development of militarized and police states and reinforces elite political cultures that favor the use of coercion in future disputes. If warfare has unfavorable outcomes, elites will prefer noncoercive strategies in the future. From these and other propositions are derived models of the processes by which garrison states emerge and persist in autocracies and democracies. States with high material capabilities are more likely to become garrison states than weaker states, which tend to avoid international conflict and to rely on accommodation in internal conflicts. States with low political capabilities are susceptible to revolutionary overthrow and the establishment of revolutionary garrison states. The role of diversion of domestic conflicts to the external environment also is considered. ...
226 citations
TL;DR: A large body of recent literature on "hegemonic stability" has been devoted to explaining the effects of a decline in American hegemony on the international system since the high point immediately after 1945 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Has American hegemony greatly declined over recent years? Much of the recent literature on “hegemonic stability” has been devoted to explaining the effects of a decline in American hegemony on the international system since the high point immediately after 1945. In a variant of the theme, scholars have searched for ways in which to maintain an international regime established during that lost hegemony. Others have perceived an ethnocentric bias in some of this angst.1
226 citations
References
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5,295 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge, proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses as discussed by the authors. But the notion of proven knowledge was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
Abstract: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge — proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses. Wisdom and intellectual integrity demanded that one must desist from unproven utterances and minimize, even in thought, the gap between speculation and established knowledge. The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics. Einstein’s results again turned the tables and now very few philosophers or scientists still think that scientific knowledge is, or can be, proven knowledge. But few realize that with this the whole classical structure of intellectual values falls in ruins and has to be replaced: one cannot simply water down the ideal of proven truth - as some logical empiricists do — to the ideal of’probable truth’1 or — as some sociologists of knowledge do — to ‘truth by [changing] consensus’.2
4,969 citations
4,163 citations
17 Feb 1966
TL;DR: This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, Theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theoryof image recognition, etc.
Abstract: : This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theory of image recognition, etc. Discussions are given of the fundamentals of the theory of boolean functions, algorithm theory, principles of the design of electronic digital computers and universal algorithmical languages, fundamentals of perceptron theory, some theoretical questions of the theory of self-organizing systems. Many fundamental results in mathematical logic and algorithm theory are presented in summary form, without detailed proofs, and in some cases without any proof. The book is intended for a broad audience of mathematicians and scientists of many specialties who wish to acquaint themselves with the problems of modern cybernetics.
2,922 citations