Book•
Theory of International Politics
01 Jan 1979-
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7932 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Global politics & International relations.
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TL;DR: The anarchy approach stresses individual actors' choices and slights questions of how issues are posed and constrained as discussed by the authors, and it takes preferences as given without exploring either the frequency of Prisoners' Dilemma situations or the ways in which preferences are formed and can change.
Abstract: Recent work has focused on the problem of how states cooperate in the environment of anarchy. Linked to the ideas of the Prisoners' Dilemma and public goods, that work has provided important insights and lines of research. But it also has problems and limitations, which are explored in the paper. The anarchy approach stresses individual actors' choices and slights questions of how issues are posed and constrained. It takes preferences as given without exploring either the frequency of PD situations or the ways in which preferences are formed and can change. Many of the concepts the framework uses—e.g., cooperation and defection, the distinction between offense and defense, and the nature of power—are problematical. Issues of beliefs, perceptions, norms, and values also lead to a different perspective on cooperation.
201 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007TL;DR: Little as discussed by the authors established a framework that treated the balance of power as a metaphor, a myth and a model, and used this framework to reassess four major texts that use the balance-of-power to promote a theoretical understanding of international relations: Hans J. Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations (1948), Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society (1977), Kenneth N. Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979), and John J. Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001).
Abstract: The balance of power has been a central concept in the theory and practice of international relations for the past five hundred years. It has also played a key role in some of the most important attempts to develop a theory of international politics in the contemporary study of international relations. In this 2007 book, Richard Little establishes a framework that treats the balance of power as a metaphor, a myth and a model. He then uses this framework to reassess four major texts that use the balance of power to promote a theoretical understanding of international relations: Hans J. Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations (1948), Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society (1977), Kenneth N. Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979) and John J. Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001). These reassessments allow the author to develop a more comprehensive model of the balance of power.
200 citations
TL;DR: In this article, l'A se penche sur les visions feministes de la notion de securite. André et al. passe ici en revue les visions differentes de Securite, etat, violence, guerre et paix ainsi que les representations sociales liees au genre comme la militarisation ou la masculinite.
Abstract: Dans cet article, l'A se penche sur les visions feministes de la notion de securite. Ecartes des grands enjeux internationaux, les feministes ont su developper un ensemble de notions divergeantes des conceptions usuelles existantes dans les relations internationales. L'A passe ici en revue les visions differentes de securite, etat, violence, guerre et paix ainsi que les representations sociales liees au genre comme la militarisation ou la masculinite
200 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...Settling on the systemic level of analysis, which discounted domestic politics, neorealists applied their analysis and science of deterrence to the “bipolar” structure of an international system divided between two transcendental superpowers (Waltz 1979)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that interstate military conflict and security alliances, as two central features of interstate security relations, often change both government policies toward international business and investor expectations of political risk.
Abstract: Although multinationals operate under cross-border jurisdictions, the relevance of interstate security relations to international business has received little attention. Despite the impressive accumulation of knowledge in international business and international relations, the two intellectual communities have largely ignored the insights from each other. In this article, we seek to bridge this gap. We argue that interstate military conflict and security alliances, as two central features of interstate security relations, often change both government policies toward international business and investor expectations of political risk. From the perspectives of both states and investors, military conflict should reduce bilateral investment whereas security alliances increase it. Our empirical analysis applies the system GMM estimator to a gravity model of bilateral investment flows for 1117 directed dyads among 58 countries from 1980 to 2000. Among 18 countries whose per capita real incomes remain consistently above 12,000 constant dollars, the security factors do not affect bilateral investment; in the high-income/low-income dyads, interstate military conflict and security alliances significantly influence bilateral investment as expected. The findings depict two separate realms in which international politics does and does not interfere with international business, helping us improve political risk assessments and understand the interactions between states and firms.
199 citations
Cites background from "Theory of International Politics"
...States form security alliances for a variety of reasons: to adjust power distribution (Waltz, 1979); to react to threats (Walt, 1987); to trade off security and autonomy (Morrow, 1991); to pursue an optimal portfolio of security risk and return (Conybeare, 1992); or because they share similar…...
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...States form security alliances for a variety of reasons: to adjust power distribution (Waltz, 1979); to react to threats (Walt, 1987); to trade off security and autonomy (Morrow, 1991); to pursue an optimal portfolio of security risk and return (Conybeare, 1992); or because they share similar preferences (Bueno de Mesquita, 1981; Smith, 1995)....
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TL;DR: The gap between theory and policy can be bridged only if the academic community begins to place greater value on policy-relevant theoretical work as discussed by the authors, and the norms and incentives that currently dominate academia discourage scholars from doing useful theoretical work in IR.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Policy makers pay relatively little attention to the vast theoretical literature in IR, and many scholars seem uninterested in doing policy-relevant work. These tendencies are unfortunate because theory is an essential tool of statecraft. Many policy debates ultimately rest on competing theoretical visions, and relying on a false or flawed theory can lead to major foreign policy disasters. Theory remains essential for diagnosing events, explaining their causes, prescribing responses, and evaluating the impact of different policies. Unfortunately, the norms and incentives that currently dominate academia discourage many scholars from doing useful theoretical work in IR. The gap between theory and policy can be narrowed only if the academic community begins to place greater value on policy-relevant theoretical work.
199 citations
References
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5,295 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge, proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses as discussed by the authors. But the notion of proven knowledge was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
Abstract: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge — proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses. Wisdom and intellectual integrity demanded that one must desist from unproven utterances and minimize, even in thought, the gap between speculation and established knowledge. The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics. Einstein’s results again turned the tables and now very few philosophers or scientists still think that scientific knowledge is, or can be, proven knowledge. But few realize that with this the whole classical structure of intellectual values falls in ruins and has to be replaced: one cannot simply water down the ideal of proven truth - as some logical empiricists do — to the ideal of’probable truth’1 or — as some sociologists of knowledge do — to ‘truth by [changing] consensus’.2
4,969 citations
4,163 citations
17 Feb 1966
TL;DR: This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, Theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theoryof image recognition, etc.
Abstract: : This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theory of image recognition, etc. Discussions are given of the fundamentals of the theory of boolean functions, algorithm theory, principles of the design of electronic digital computers and universal algorithmical languages, fundamentals of perceptron theory, some theoretical questions of the theory of self-organizing systems. Many fundamental results in mathematical logic and algorithm theory are presented in summary form, without detailed proofs, and in some cases without any proof. The book is intended for a broad audience of mathematicians and scientists of many specialties who wish to acquaint themselves with the problems of modern cybernetics.
2,922 citations