Book•
Theory of International Politics
01 Jan 1979-
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 7932 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Global politics & International relations.
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TL;DR: This paper argued that the prisoner's dilemma representation does not reflect the most critical aspect of free trade agreements in an anarchic international system: security externalities, and argued that less credible exit threats and stronger incentives to engage in altruism within its alliances explain the advantage of a two-power system.
Abstract: Recent literature typically attributes the relative scarcity of open international markets to the prisoner's dilemma structure of state preferences with respect to trade. I argue that the prisoner's dilemma representation does not reflect the most critical aspect of free trade agreements in an anarchic international system: security externalities. Explicit consideration of these effects suggests that a bipolar international political system has an advantage relative to its multipolar counterpart with respect to the opening of markets among states. Less credible exit threats and stronger incentives to engage in altruism within its alliances explain the advantage of a two-power system. The real income gains that motivate free trade are also the source of the security externalities that impede it. Their ability to internalize these effects makes military alliances the natural basis of agreements to open international markets. The evolutionary prospects of alliances vary, however: ones that are the products of bipolar systems are more likely to evolve into free trade coalitions than are their multipolar counterparts. I argue that less credible exit threats and stronger incentives to engage in alliance altruism explain the advantage of a two-power system. Several important limits of the argument should be made clear immediately. I argue at the systemic level: I attempt to isolate the political and economic incentives for free trade that occur at the level of the international system. I do not, therefore, consider the impact of unitlevel factors on the pursuit of these incentives. For example, neither the role of special interest groups nor the organization of domestic exchange via hierarchies instead of markets is considered (Doyle 1986); Frieden 1988; Ruggie 1982). The conditions I assume are those of standard international trade theory (Ethier '1983), and illustrative rather than systematic empirical referents are used. These restrictions are appropriate given my purpose: to demonstrate analytically the advantage of a bipolar international political system with respect to free trade.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that migration policy is an integral instrument of state grand strategy in this context and that examining levels of threat on each facet of security at a given point in time can largely explain variation in policy.
Abstract: How does migration affect the security of advanced industrial states and how does the security environment shape the way states deal with international migration? Migration rests at the nexus of three dimensions of security including geopolitical interests material production and internal security. I argue that migration policy is an integral instrument of state grand strategy in this context and that examining levels of threat on each facet of security at a given point in time can largely explain variation in policy. I test a series of hypotheses drawn from this security framework using a case-study method that examines policy development in four advanced industrial states including the United States Germany France and Great Britain in the period 1945-present. (authors)
163 citations
Book•
18 Aug 2011TL;DR: The fate of leaders and incentives to fight and case studies: fighting for survival, international conflict and the fate of Leaders.
Abstract: Chiozza and Goemans seek to explain why and when political leaders decide to initiate international crises and wars. They argue that the fate of leaders and the way leadership changes, shapes leaders' decisions to initiate international conflict. Leaders who anticipate regular removal from office, through elections for example, have little to gain and much to lose from international conflict, whereas leaders who anticipate a forcible removal from office, such as through coup or revolution, have little to lose and much to gain from conflict. This theory is tested against an extensive analysis of more than 80 years of international conflict and with an intensive historical examination of Central American leaders from 1848 to 1918. Leaders and International Conflict highlights the political nature of the choice between war and peace and will appeal to all scholars of international relations and comparative politics.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a neorealist interpretation of the Maastricht Treaty and European economic and monetary union is presented, with a focus on state interests and institutional rule trajectories.
Abstract: (1996). State interests and institutional rule trajectories: A neorealist interpretation of the Maastricht treaty and European economic and monetary union. Security Studies: Vol. 5, Realism: Restatements and Renewal, pp. 261-306.
162 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the emergence and evolution of security studies as a subfield of international relations is surveyed and the adequacy of the field for coping with the post-cold war world is assessed.
Abstract: The end of the cold war has generated numerous reflections on the nature of the world in its aftermath. The reduced military threat to American security has triggered proposals for expanding the concept of national security to include nonmilitary threats to national well-being. Some go further and call for a fundamental reexamination of the concepts, theories, and assumptions used to analyze security problems. In order to lay the groundwork for such a reexamination, the emergence and evolution of security studies as a subfield of international relations is surveyed, the adequacy of the field for coping with the post—cold war world is assessed, and proposals for the future of security studies are discussed. It is argued that a strong case can be made for reintegration of security studies with the study of international politics and foreign policy.
162 citations
References
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5,295 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge, proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses as discussed by the authors. But the notion of proven knowledge was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
Abstract: For centuries knowledge meant proven knowledge — proven either by the power of the intellect or by the evidence of the senses. Wisdom and intellectual integrity demanded that one must desist from unproven utterances and minimize, even in thought, the gap between speculation and established knowledge. The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the sceptics more than two thousand years ago; but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics. Einstein’s results again turned the tables and now very few philosophers or scientists still think that scientific knowledge is, or can be, proven knowledge. But few realize that with this the whole classical structure of intellectual values falls in ruins and has to be replaced: one cannot simply water down the ideal of proven truth - as some logical empiricists do — to the ideal of’probable truth’1 or — as some sociologists of knowledge do — to ‘truth by [changing] consensus’.2
4,969 citations
4,163 citations
17 Feb 1966
TL;DR: This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, Theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theoryof image recognition, etc.
Abstract: : This book contains the collected and unified material necessary for the presentation of such branches of modern cybernetics as the theory of electronic digital computers, theory of discrete automata, theory of discrete self-organizing systems, automation of thought processes, theory of image recognition, etc. Discussions are given of the fundamentals of the theory of boolean functions, algorithm theory, principles of the design of electronic digital computers and universal algorithmical languages, fundamentals of perceptron theory, some theoretical questions of the theory of self-organizing systems. Many fundamental results in mathematical logic and algorithm theory are presented in summary form, without detailed proofs, and in some cases without any proof. The book is intended for a broad audience of mathematicians and scientists of many specialties who wish to acquaint themselves with the problems of modern cybernetics.
2,922 citations