Theory of laminated piezoelectric plates for the design of distributed sensors/actuators. Part I: Governing equations and reciprocal relationships
01 Mar 1990-Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Acoustical Society of America)-Vol. 87, Iss: 3, pp 1144-1158
TL;DR: In this paper, a piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of bending, torsion, shearing, shrinking, and stretching of a flexible plate has been developed.
Abstract: A piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezoelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of bending, torsion, shearing, shrinking, and stretching of a flexible plate has been developed. This newly developed theory is capable of modeling the electromechanical (actuating) and mechanoelectrical (sensing) behavior of a laminate. Emphasis is on the rigorous formulation of distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The reciprocal relationship of the piezoelectric sensors and actuators is also unveiled. Generalized functions are introduced to disclose the physical concept of these piezoelectric sensors and actuators. It is found that the reciprocal relationship is a generic feature of all piezoelectric laminates.
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800Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview and assessment of the technology leading to the development of intelligent structures, which are those which incorporate actuators and sensors that are highly integrated into the structure and have structural functionality, as well as highly integrated control logic, signal conditioning and power amplification electronics.
Abstract: HIS article presents an overview and assessment of the technology leading to the development of intelligent structures. Intelligent structures are those which incorporate actuators and sensors that are highly integrated into the structure and have structural functionality, as well as highly integrated control logic, signal conditioning, and power amplification electronics. Such actuating, sensing, and signal processing elements are incorporated into a structure for the purpose of influencing its states or characteristics, be they mechanical, thermal, optical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic. For example, a mechanically intelligent structure is capable of altering both its mechanical states (its position or velocity) or its mechanical characteristics (its stiffness or damping). An optically intelligent structure could, for example, change color to match its background.17 Definition of Intelligent Structures Intelligent structures are a subset of a much larger field of research, as shown in Fig. I.123 Those structures which have actuators distributed throughout are defined as adaptive or, alternatively, actuated. Classical examples of such mechanically adaptive structures are conventional aircraft wings with articulated leading- and trailing-edge control surfaces and robotic systems with articulated manipulators and end effectors. More advanced examples currently in research include highly articulated adaptive space cranes. Structures which have sensors distributed throughout are a subset referred to as sensory. These structures have sensors which might detect displacements, strains or other mechanical states or properties, electromagnetic states or properties, temperature or heat flow, or the presence or accumulation of damage. Applications of this technology might include damage detection in long life structures, or embedded or conformal RF antennas within a structure. The overlap structures which contain both actuators and sensors (implicitly linked by closed-loop control) are referred to as controlled structures. Any structure whose properties or states can be influenced by the presence of a closed-loop control system is included in this category. A subset of controlled structures are active structures, distinguished from controlled structures by highly distributed actuators which have structural functionality and are part of the load bearing system.
470Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, a refined theory of laminated composite plates with piezoelectric laminae is developed using an energy principle, which includes coupling between mechanical deformations and the charge equations of electrostatics.
360Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple negative velocity feed back control algorithm coupling the direct and converse piezoelectric effects is used to actively control the dynamic response of an integrated structure through closed loop control.
353Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the analysis of laminated composite plate structures with piezoelectric actuators and sensors is presented, where the authors implement layerwise representations of displacements and electric potential, and can model both the global and local electromechanical response of smart composite laminates.
342Â citations