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Journal ArticleDOI

Theory of the soliton self-frequency shift.

James P. Gordon1
01 Oct 1986-Optics Letters (Optical Society of America)-Vol. 11, Iss: 10, pp 662-664
TL;DR: The theory of Raman effects, which causes a continuous downshift of the mean frequency of pulses propagating in optical fibers, agrees well with recent measurements.
Abstract: Raman effects cause a continuous downshift of the mean frequency of pulses propagating in optical fibers. For solitons in silica fibers, the effect varies roughly with the inverse fourth power of the pulse width. At 1.5-μm wavelength in a fiber with 15 psec/nm/km time-of-flight dispersion, a soliton of 250-fsec duration is predicted to shift by its own spectral width after about 100m of propagation. The theory agrees well with recent measurements.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
04 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime.
Abstract: A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

3,361 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A detailed overview of the physics and applications of optical dark solitons can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the instability-induced dynamics of dark-solitons in the models of generalized (i.e., non-Kerr) optical nonlinearities.

1,076 citations


Cites background from "Theory of the soliton self-frequenc..."

  • ...For bright solitons this effect causes the so-called self-frequency shift [Mitschke and Mollenauer (1986), Gordon (1986), see also Hasegawa and Kodama (1995)], whereas for dark solitons, a self-frequency shift at the initial stage of the pulse evolution (Weiner et al., 1989) leads finally to a…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Curious wave phenomena that occur in optical fibres due to the interplay of instability and nonlinear effects are reviewed in this article, where the authors propose a method to detect such phenomena.
Abstract: Curious wave phenomena that occur in optical fibres due to the interplay of instability and nonlinear effects are reviewed.

735 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Keith J. Blow1, David Wood1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived a single-wave equation which describes transient stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers and derived a formula for the small-signal gain spectrum which includes the effects of Raman scatter, four-wave mixing, and modulational instabilities.
Abstract: The authors derive a single-wave equation which describes transient stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers. The equation is valid for forward traveling waves whose bandwidths are less than approximately=1/3 the carrier frequency. It correctly conserves a classical photon number and not the total optical energy as is appropriate for Raman scattering problems. From this equation, the authors derive a formula for the small-signal gain spectrum which includes the effects of Raman scattering, four-wave mixing, and modulational instabilities. Examples of numerical integrations are given which show the generation of short soliton pulses from the nonlinear evolution of a noise band around a continuous wave pump. >

679 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed the Raman response function for silica-core fibers and used it to study the effect of Raman gain in regimes of normal and anomalous dispersion.
Abstract: For analyzing the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses, Raman gain is conveniently described as a response function in the time domain. In this paper we develop the Raman response function for silica-core fibers and use it to study the effect of Raman gain in regimes of normal and anomalous dispersion.

547 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental discovery of a continuous shift in the optical frequency of a soliton pulse as it travels down the fiber is described, caused by a Raman self-pumping of the soliton.
Abstract: We describe the experimental discovery of a continuous shift in the optical frequency of a soliton pulse as it travels down the fiber. The effect is caused by a Raman self-pumping of the soliton, by which energy is transferred from the higher to the lower-frequency parts of its spectrum. For 120-fsec pulses, we have observed net frequency shifts as great as 10% of the optical frequency.

1,095 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study soliton propagation in an all-optical, long-distance communications system where fiber loss is periodically compensated by Raman gain and find that distortion of the transmitted pulses from true solitons shows a peak near z 0 = L/8 where L and z 0 are the amplification and soliton periods, respectively.
Abstract: With computer simulation, we study soliton propagation in an all-optical, long-distance communications system where fiber loss is periodically compensated by Raman gain We find that distortion of the transmitted pulses from true solitons shows a peak near z_{0} = L/8 where L and z 0 are the amplification and soliton periods, respectively We also describe optimal system design based on the exceptional pulse stability and low soliton powers obtained in the region z_{0} \gg L/8 Typical amplification periods are in the range 30-50 km, pump powers are less than 100 mW, and for bit rates in the 10 GHz range, time average signal powers are at most a few milliwatts The single-channel rate-length product for error rate less than 10-9is \sim29 000 GHz Km Finally, we show that in the gain-compensated system with wavelength multiplexing, soliton-soliton collisions produce random modulation of individual pulse velocities Nevertheless, multiplexing can yield rate-length products greater than 300 000 GHz km

341 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
A. Hasegawa1, Yuji Kodama
01 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a transmission rate of ≃1 Tbits/sec (≃0.1 T bits/s) per 30 km can be achieved using envelope solitons with peak power of approximately 10 W in a monomode optical fiber, respectively.
Abstract: A transmission rate of ≃1 Tbits/sec (≃0.1 Tbits/s) per 30 km can be achieved using envelope solitons with peak power of ≃10 W (≃10 mW) in a monomode optical fiber, respectively. Unlike the linear pulse in which the bit rate is limited by the group dispersion, the bit rate of soliton transmission is limited by the fiber loss and the input power. Conditions for achieving optimum transmission rate using solitons are theoretically obtained including the effects of fiber loss and second order group dispersion.

326 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral development of stimulated Raman scattering in singlemode silica fibers was studied both experimentally and by computer modeling, and the most striking feature that emerges is the rapid growth of a weak feature at 490 cm−1 at the expense of a broad band at 440 cm− 1 as pump power increases.
Abstract: The spectral development of stimulated Raman scattering in single-mode silica fibers was studied both experimentally and by computer modeling. The most striking feature that emerges is the rapid growth of a weak feature at 490 cm−1 at the expense of a broad band at 440 cm−1 as pump power increases. These experimental results are in good agreement with our numerical simulations, although neither experiments nor calculations show the spectral broadening of higher Stokes orders commonly observed with high pump powers and at infrared wavelengths. It is shown that, in general, spectral broadening from four-wave mixing should be important in the development of the stimulated Raman spectrum. However, the present experiments fall into a regime of relatively low pump powers at visible wavelengths in which four-wave mixing is negligible and the stimulated spectrum depends only on the shape of the Raman gain curve.

280 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Roger H. Stolen1, M. A. Bösch1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the Raman scattering spectrum of silica to low temperature and very small frequency shifts and found that a considerable central line broadening from relaxation of two-level tunneling systems is evident.
Abstract: The Raman scattering spectrum of silica was measured to low temperature and very small frequency shifts. Strain-free cooling of a long silica-core fiber allowed us to investigate Raman scattering of the two-level tunneling systems to 1.5 K. A considerable central line broadening from relaxation of two-level tunneling systems is evident, although the predicted strong scattering contribution from resonant two-level tunneling centers at very low temperature and small frequency shift was not observed.

16 citations