Thermal expansion and structure in water and aqueous solutions
15 Dec 1969-Canadian Journal of Chemistry (NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada)-Vol. 47, Iss: 24, pp 4613-4617
TL;DR: The thermodynamic equation (∂CP/∂P)T = T(∂2V/ ∂T2)P is used as a basis for relating thermal expansion to structure (at several temperatures and pressures) of water and normal liquids.
Abstract: The thermodynamic equation (∂CP/∂P)T = −T(∂2V/∂T2)P is used as a basis for relating thermal expansion to structure (at several temperatures and pressures) of water and "normal" liquids. Similar con...
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that bulk water structure is not central to the Hofmeister effect, and models are being developed that depend upon direct ion-macromolecule interactions as well as interactions with water molecules in the first hydration shell of the macromolecules.
1,786 citations
Cites background from "Thermal expansion and structure in ..."
...The sign of ð@C p=@PÞT , where C p represents the partial molar constant pressure heat capacity, indicates whether a solute makes [ð@C p=@PÞT < 0] or breaks [ð@C p=@PÞT > 0] water structure [23]....
[...]
TL;DR: Results from Diffraction Experiments 1351 and results from Spectroscopic Measurements 1354 4.3.1.
Abstract: 4. Structure of Ionic Hydration Shells 1351 4.1. Results from Diffraction Experiments 1351 4.1.1. X-ray Diffraction 1351 4.1.2. Neutron Diffraction 1351 4.2. Results from Computer Simulations 1352 4.3. Results from Spectroscopic Measurements 1354 4.3.1. Vibrational Spectroscopic Measurements 1354 4.3.2. EXAFS Spectroscopy 1354 4.3.3. NMR Relaxation Studies 1355 4.3.4. Dielectric Relaxation Studies 1355 4.4. Summary of the Structure of Ionic Hydration Shells 1355
1,445 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the macromolecule chain length on the cloud point temperature and the temperature of the coil-to-globule transition (TM) in aqueous solutions of hydrophobically modified (HM) telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) (PNIPAM) ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 35 g L 1 (0.1−310 mmol of NIPAM L 1).
Abstract: We examine the influence of the macromolecule chain length on the cloud point temperature (Tcp) and the temperature of the coil-to-globule transition (TM) in aqueous solutions of hydrophobically modified (HM) telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) (PNIPAM) ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 35 g L-1 (0.1−310 mmol of NIPAM L-1). The telechelic HM-PNIPAM samples with n-octadecyl termini were obtained by RAFT polymerization of NIPAM in dioxane in the presence of S-1-n-octadecyl-S‘-(α,α‘-dimethyl-α‘ ‘-N-n-octadecylacetamide)trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. Their molar mass (Mn) ranged from 12 000 to 49 000 g mol-1 with a polydispersity index lower than 1.20. The cloud point temperatures, measured by monitoring the temperature-induced changes in scattering intensity, decreased significantly with increasing polymer concentration, this effect being more pronounced with decreasing polymer molar mass. In contrast, the temperature of the PNIPAM chain coil-to-globule collapse (30 ± 1 °C) was only slig...
273 citations
TL;DR: This work develops an efficient dual-pulse excitation approach to generate strong nonlinear photoacoustic (PA) signals based on the Grueneisen relaxation effect, which achieves optical diffraction-limited focusing in scattering media.
Abstract: Non-invasively focusing light into strongly scattering media, such as biological tissue, is highly desirable but challenging. Recently, ultrasonically guided wavefront shaping technologies have been developed to address this limitation. So far, the focusing resolution of most implementations has been limited by acoustic diffraction. Here, we introduce nonlinear photoacoustically guided wavefront shaping (PAWS), which achieves optical diffraction-limited focusing in scattering media. We develop an efficient dual-pulse excitation approach to generate strong nonlinear photoacoustic (PA) signals based on the Grueneisen relaxation effect. These nonlinear PA signals are used as feedback to guide iterative wavefront optimization. As a result, light is effectively focused to a single optical speckle grain on the scale of 5-7 µm, which is ~10 times smaller than the acoustic focus with an enhancement factor of ~6,000 in peak fluence. This technology has the potential to benefit many applications that desire highly confined strong optical focus in tissue.
272 citations
TL;DR: This review systematically surveys the viscosity B-coefficients and standard partial molar volumes of amino acids at various temperatures as these data are quite important for interpreting the hydration and other properties of peptides and proteins.
248 citations