Thermal modeling of continuous‐wave end‐pumped solid‐state lasers
TL;DR: In this article, the heat equation for an axially heated cylinder with a thermally conductive boundary at the periphery has been solved using both a full numerical solution and an analytic approximation which assumes only radial heat flow.
Abstract: In order to estimate deleterious effects caused by heating in continuous‐wave end‐pumped solid‐state lasers, the heat equation has been solved for an axially heated cylinder with a thermally conductive boundary at the periphery Steady‐state thermal profiles are developed using both a full numerical solution and an analytic approximation which assumes only radial heat flow The analytic solution, which is in good agreement with the numerical solution, is utilized to obtain an expression for the thermal focusing due to temperature‐induced refractive index changes For Nd:YAG, 1 W of pump power deposited as heat is predicted to cause a thermal focusing length comparable to the cavity length of a typical diode end‐pumped laser
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive study of thermal, stress, and average power scaling in double-clad silica fiber lasers, and show that careful management of thermal effects in fiber lasers will determine the efficiency and success of scaling-up efforts.
Abstract: Yb:glass fiber lasers have matured to the point where the average power scaling of such devices to the kilowatt level and beyond can be realistically pursued. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of thermal, stress, and average power scaling in double-clad silica fiber lasers. We show that careful management of thermal effects in fiber lasers will determine the efficiency and success of scaling-up efforts.
387 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of stimulated Raman scattering is presented in the context of understanding the design and operation of solid-state Raman lasers, and the key design issues are discussed in relation to achieving efficient frequency conversion for various types of experimental configurations.
381 citations
TL;DR: A review of theoretical and experimental studies of thermal effects in solid-state lasers is presented, with a special focus on diode-pumped ytterbium-doped materials as mentioned in this paper.
339 citations
Cites background from "Thermal modeling of continuous‐wave..."
...The solution of the heat equation in the specific case of Gaussian-beam pumping is treated in [53] and [54]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the relevant optical distortion profiles and maximum stresses as a function of length-to-diameter ratio and pump spot size in end-pumped solid-state laser rods.
Abstract: Thermal effects lead to upper limits on the maximum achievable power in end-pumped solid-state laser rods. Thermal fracture is an ultimate limitation on pump power, while optical distortions and depolarization leading to increased losses in the laser resonator tend to yield a lower upper bound on the pump power. The relevant optical distortion profiles and maximum stresses are derived as a function of length-to-diameter ratio and pump spot size. Length-to-diameter ratios up to 1.5 are considered. Edge-cooled and face-cooled active-mirror geometries are analyzed and compared directly. The problem is cast into a nondimensional form so that the results are applicable to arbitrary rod materials. >
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the thermally induced beam distortions in end-pumped Nd:YAG, nd:GSGG, and nd :YLF rods and calculated the distribution of temperature, stress, and strain in the crystals by finite element analysis.
Abstract: The thermally induced beam distortions in end-pumped Nd:YAG, Nd:GSGG, and Nd:YLF rods were analyzed and the influence of edge- and face-cooling was investigated. The distributions of temperature, stress, and strain in the crystals were calculated by finite element analysis. Based on these data, the space-resolved changes of the refractive index were determined considering thermal dispersion, surface deformation, and strain-induced birefringence. The resulting optical path difference for one round-trip in the end-pumped rods was integrated numerically. For each rod, the induced thermal lens was determined over the extent of the pump spot radius. The calculations of the optical path difference were experimentally confirmed by investigations using a modified Twyman-Green interferometer with a polarized HeNe probe beam at 633 nm under lasing and nonlasing conditions. >
267 citations
References
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46,339 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics, design, construction and performance of solid-state lasers are discussed from an industrial perspective, focusing on engineering and practical considerations; phenomenological aspects using models are preferred to abstract mathematical derivations.
Abstract: Written from an industrial perspective, this book discusses the characteristics, design, construction and performance of solid-state lasers. Emphasis is placed on engineering and practical considerations; phenomenological aspects using models are preferred to abstract mathematical derivations. This edition has been updated to account for recent developments in the areas of diode-laser pumping, mode locking, ultrashort-pulse generation and other areas.
3,545 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Light transmission optics, light transmission optics as discussed by the authors, Light transmission optics, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات, ا�ل-اع رسانی,
Abstract: Light transmission optics , Light transmission optics , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
1,231 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an expression for the time-dependent temperature distribution in a finite solid-state laser rod, for an arbitrary distribution of pump energy, was derived for the specific case of end pumping by circular (constant) or Gaussian beams.
Abstract: An expression for the time-dependent temperature distribution in a finite solid-state laser rod, for an arbitrary distribution of pump energy, has been derived. The specific case of end pumping by circular (constant) or Gaussian beams is included. This formulation was used to predict the time evolution of temperature in Ti:sapphire laser rods and in Nd:YAG rods of specific dimensions. >
83 citations