Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomechanical oscillator
TL;DR: In this article, a room-temperature motion sensor with record sensitivity was created using a levitating silica nanoparticle and feedback cooling to reduce the noise arising from Brownian motion enables a detector that is perhaps even sensitive enough to detect non-Newtonian gravity-like forces.
Abstract: A room-temperature motion sensor with record sensitivity is created using a levitating silica nanoparticle. Feedback cooling to reduce the noise arising from Brownian motion enables a detector that is perhaps even sensitive enough to detect non-Newtonian gravity-like forces.
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TL;DR: A new type of hybrid electro-optical trap formed from a Paul trap within a single-mode optical cavity is demonstrated, demonstrating a factor of 100 cavity cooling of 400 nm diameter silica spheres trapped in vacuum and paving the way for ground-state cooling in a smaller, higher finesse cavity.
Abstract: Combining two trapping techniques reduces the motion of a levitated bead close to the point where quantum effects should become observable.
288 citations
Cites background from "Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..."
...uations of motion corresponding (in the semiclassical limit) to a well-studied eective Hamiltonian which describes typical optomechanical systems: H^ lin h = ^ a y^a + ! M ^bb+ g(^a+ ^a)(b+ b)= p 2 (30) where the coordinates have been rescaled ^x! p 2X ZPFx^, while ^p! p p hm! Mp^ and ^x= (^b + ^by)= 2. Here, X ZPF = h= 2m! M gives the scale of the oscillator ground state (zero-point uctuations). ...
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03 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the recent advances in the field of optical tweezers using structured light beams with customized phase, amplitude, and polarization in 3D optical trapping.
Abstract: Optical trapping describes the interaction between light and matter to manipulate micro-objects through momentum transfer. In the case of 3D trapping with a single beam, this is termed optical tweezers. Optical tweezers are a powerful and noninvasive tool for manipulating small objects, and have become indispensable in many fields, including physics, biology, soft condensed matter, among others. In the early days, optical trapping was typically accomplished with a single Gaussian beam. In recent years, we have witnessed rapid progress in the use of structured light beams with customized phase, amplitude, and polarization in optical trapping. Unusual beam properties, such as phase singularities on-axis and propagation invariant nature, have opened up novel capabilities to the study of micromanipulation in liquid, air, and vacuum. We summarize the recent advances in the field of optical trapping using structured light beams.
215 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a user's guide to vacuum technology is presented, along with a discussion of its application in nuclear technology. But this guide is limited to a single application: nuclear power.
Abstract: (1981). A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology. Nuclear Technology: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 732-733.
201 citations
TL;DR: Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects, and trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
Abstract: Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro- and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent low-dissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 106 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
189 citations
TL;DR: Using a vacuum-trapped nanoparticle, it is demonstrated experimentally the validity of a fluctuation theorem for the relative entropy change occurring during relaxation from a non-equilibrium steady state.
Abstract: Fluctuation theorems are a generalization of thermodynamics on small scales and provide the tools to characterize the fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities in non-equilibrium nanoscale systems They are particularly important for understanding irreversibility and the second law in fundamental chemical and biological processes that are actively driven, thus operating far from thermal equilibrium Here, we apply the framework of fluctuation theorems to investigate the important case of a system relaxing from a non-equilibrium state towards equilibrium Using a vacuum-trapped nanoparticle, we demonstrate experimentally the validity of a fluctuation theorem for the relative entropy change occurring during relaxation from a non-equilibrium steady state The platform established here allows non-equilibrium fluctuation theorems to be studied experimentally for arbitrary steady states and can be extended to investigate quantum fluctuation theorems as well as systems that do not obey detailed balance
169 citations
Cites methods from "Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..."
...We envision that our approach of using highly controllable nanomechanical oscillators will open up experimental and theoretical studies of fluctuation theorems in complex settings, which arise, for instance, from the interplay of thermal fluctuations and nonlinearities [42] where detailed balance does not hold [43, 44]....
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References
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IBM1
TL;DR: The long relaxation time of the measured signal suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well known as a powerful technique for visualizing subsurface structures with three-dimensional spatial resolution. Pushing the resolution below 1 micro m remains a major challenge, however, owing to the sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. Currently, the smallest volume elements in an image must contain at least 10(12) nuclear spins for MRI-based microscopy, or 10(7) electron spins for electron spin resonance microscopy. Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) was proposed as a means to improve detection sensitivity to the single-spin level, and thus enable three-dimensional imaging of macromolecules (for example, proteins) with atomic resolution. MRFM has also been proposed as a qubit readout device for spin-based quantum computers. Here we report the detection of an individual electron spin by MRFM. A spatial resolution of 25 nm in one dimension was obtained for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide. The measured signal is consistent with a model in which the spin is aligned parallel or anti-parallel to the effective field, with a rotating-frame relaxation time of 760 ms. The long relaxation time suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
1,379 citations
"Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..." refers background in this paper
...Recent developments in optomechanics have evolved toward smaller and lighter resonators featuring high quality (Q) factors, which are important for the sensing of tiny masses [1, 2], charges [3], magnetic fields [4] and weak forces [5, 6]....
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...[4] D Rugar, R Budakian, H J Mamin, and B W Chui....
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...We expect that feedback-controlled nanoparticles will find applications for sensing a wide range of interactions, including van der Waals and Casimir forces [23], nuclear spins [4], and gravitation [24]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the detection of an individual electron spin by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) and achieved a spatial resolution of 25nm in one dimension for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide.
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well known as a powerful technique for visualizing subsurface structures with three-dimensional spatial resolution. Pushing the resolution below 1 µm remains a major challenge, however, owing to the sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. Currently, the smallest volume elements in an image must contain at least 1012 nuclear spins for MRI-based microscopy, or 107 electron spins for electron spin resonance microscopy. Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) was proposed as a means to improve detection sensitivity to the single-spin level, and thus enable three-dimensional imaging of macromolecules (for example, proteins) with atomic resolution. MRFM has also been proposed as a qubit readout device for spin-based quantum computers. Here we report the detection of an individual electron spin by MRFM. A spatial resolution of 25 nm in one dimension was obtained for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide. The measured signal is consistent with a model in which the spin is aligned parallel or anti-parallel to the effective field, with a rotating-frame relaxation time of 760 ms. The long relaxation time suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
1,192 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the ultimate sensitivity of very high frequency nanoelectromechanical systems indicates that NEMS can ultimately provide inertial mass sensing of individual intact, electrically neutral macromolecules with single-Dalton (1 amu) resolution.
Abstract: Very high frequency (VHF) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) provide unprecedented sensitivity for inertial mass sensing. We demonstrate in situ measurements in real time with mass noise floor ∼20 zg. Our best mass resolution corresponds to ∼7 zg, equivalent to ∼30 xenon atoms or the mass of an individual 4 kDa molecule. Detailed analysis of the ultimate sensitivity of such devices based on these experimental results indicates that NEMS can ultimately provide inertial mass sensing of individual intact, electrically neutral macromolecules with single-Dalton (1 amu) resolution.
1,035 citations
"Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..." refers background in this paper
...Indeed, according to equation (2), an average thermal excitation of the orthogonal modes (y and z) leads to an average shift in the frequency of the mode under consideration (here x)....
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...In contrast, a change in energy of one mode shifts the frequency of all modes (equation (2))....
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TL;DR: This unprecedented level of sensitivity allows us to detect adsorption events of naphthalene molecules, and to measure the binding energy of a xenon atom on the nanotube surface, which could have applications in mass spectrometry, magnetometry and surface science.
Abstract: A carbon nanotube resonator is used to form the basis of an ultrasensitive mass sensor that can also be employed to study basic phenomena in surface science.
959 citations
"Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..." refers background in this paper
...98) μm−2, in good agreement with the values estimated from the size of the focus (equation (1))....
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...For a Gaussian field distribution, the nonlinear coefficients are given by ξi=−2/w(2) i (1) where wi is the beam waist radius (i = x,y) or Rayleigh range (i = z)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the force exerted by the impinging molecules leaving the surface depending on how they leave, assuming the usual Maxwellian distribution of velocities in the gas, the force was found to be M where M=(4π/3) Nma2cmV, N, m, a, and V being the number per unit volume, mass, radius, and mean speed of the molecules and V the speed of a droplet.
Abstract: Kinetic theory of the resistance to a sphere moving through a gas.— (1) Droplets small in comparison with the mean free path. The high degree of accuracy achieved in the experimental determination of the law of motions of droplets through gases, makes a careful theoretical examination of the problem desirable. Assuming the usual Maxwellian distribution of velocities in the gas, the force exerted by the impinging molecules is found to be M where M=(4π/3) Nma2cmV, N, m, a, and cm being the number per unit volume, mass, radius, and mean speed of the molecules and V the speed of the droplet. The force exerted by the molecules leaving the surface depends on how they leave. (1) For uniform evaporation from the whole surface, the force is -M; (2) for specular reflection of all the impinging molecules, -M; (3) for diffuse reflection with unchanged distribution of velocities, -(13/9)M; (4) for diffuse reflection with the Maxwell distribution corresponding to the effective temperature of the part of the surface they come from, -(1+9π/64)M, for a non-conducting droplet (4a), and -(1+π/8)M, for a perfectly conducting droplet (4b). Cases (1) and (2) can not be distinguished experimentally, but (2) is more probable physically. The experimental values agree with 1/10 specular reflection, case (2), and 9/10 diffuse reflection, case (4a) or (4b). For large values of l/a, the droplet behaves like a perfect conductor, case (4b). (2) Comparatively large spheres. The distribution of velocities is no longer Maxwellian because of the hydrodynamic stresses which can not now be neglected. The new law is derived (Eq. 47). The conditions at the surface of the sphere are discussed and it is shown that the diffusely reflected molecules have a Maxwellian distribution corresponding to the temperature and density of the gas, just as though they were reflected with conservation of velocity (specularly). The assumptions of Bassett are theoretically justified and a complete confirmation is obtained for the correction factor for Stokes' law [1+0.7004 (2/s-1) (l/a)] on which Millikan's conclusions are based, especially as to the percentage of specular reflection. (3) Rotating spheres are also considered in an appendix, and the values of the resistance are derived for various cases.
912 citations
"Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomec..." refers background in this paper
...From kinetic theory we find that the damping coefficient of a particle in a rarified gas is given by [14, 15]...
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