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Journal Article•DOI•

Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials

Alexander A. Balandin1•
University of California, Riverside1
01 Aug 2011-Nature Materials (Nature Research)-Vol. 10, Iss: 8, pp 569-581
TL;DR: The thermal properties of carbon materials are reviewed, focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder, with special attention given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals.
Abstract: Recent years have seen a rapid growth of interest by the scientific and engineering communities in the thermal properties of materials. Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range--of over five orders of magnitude--from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe the prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
A roadmap for graphene

[...]

Kostya S. Novoselov1, Vladimir I. Fal'ko2, Luigi Colombo3, Paul Gellert4, M. G. Schwab5, Kyoung-Soo Kim6 •
University of Manchester1, Lancaster University2, Texas Instruments3, AstraZeneca4, Bosch5, Samsung6
11 Oct 2012-Nature
TL;DR: This work reviews recent progress in graphene research and in the development of production methods, and critically analyse the feasibility of various graphene applications.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed many breakthroughs in research on graphene (the first two-dimensional atomic crystal) as well as a significant advance in the mass production of this material. This one-atom-thick fabric of carbon uniquely combines extreme mechanical strength, exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductivities, impermeability to gases, as well as many other supreme properties, all of which make it highly attractive for numerous applications. Here we review recent progress in graphene research and in the development of production methods, and critically analyse the feasibility of various graphene applications.

7,987 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene

[...]

Andrea C. Ferrari, Denis M. Basko
01 Apr 2013-Nature Nanotechnology
TL;DR: The state of the art, future directions and open questions in Raman spectroscopy of graphene are reviewed, and essential physical processes whose importance has only recently been recognized are described.
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is an integral part of graphene research. It is used to determine the number and orientation of layers, the quality and types of edge, and the effects of perturbations, such as electric and magnetic fields, strain, doping, disorder and functional groups. This, in turn, provides insight into all sp(2)-bonded carbon allotropes, because graphene is their fundamental building block. Here we review the state of the art, future directions and open questions in Raman spectroscopy of graphene. We describe essential physical processes whose importance has only recently been recognized, such as the various types of resonance at play, and the role of quantum interference. We update all basic concepts and notations, and propose a terminology that is able to describe any result in literature. We finally highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy for layered materials other than graphene.

5,673 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

[...]

Andrea C. Ferrari1, Francesco Bonaccorso2, Francesco Bonaccorso1, Vladimir I. Fal'ko3, Konstantin S. Novoselov4, Stephan Roche5, Peter Bøggild6, Stefano Borini7, Frank H. L. Koppens, Vincenzo Palermo, Nicola M. Pugno8, Nicola M. Pugno9, Nicola M. Pugno10, Jose A. Garrido11, Roman Sordan12, Alberto Bianco13, Laura Ballerini14, Maurizio Prato14, Elefterios Lidorikis15, Jani Kivioja7, Claudio Marinelli, Tapani Ryhänen7, Alberto F. Morpurgo16, Jonathan N. Coleman17, Valeria Nicolosi17, Luigi Colombo18, Albert Fert13, Albert Fert19, Mar García-Hernández20, Adrian Bachtold, Grégory F. Schneider21, Francisco Guinea20, Cees Dekker22, Matteo Barbone1, Zhipei Sun1, Costas Galiotis23, Alexander N. Grigorenko4, Gerasimos Konstantatos, Andras Kis24, Mikhail I. Katsnelson25, Lieven M. K. Vandersypen22, A. Loiseau13, Vittorio Morandi, Daniel Neumaier, Emanuele Treossi, Vittorio Pellegrini2, Vittorio Pellegrini26, Marco Polini26, Alessandro Tredicucci26, Gareth M. Williams27, Byung Hee Hong28, Jong Hyun Ahn29, Jong Min Kim30, Herbert Zirath31, Bart J. van Wees32, Herre S. J. van der Zant22, Luigi Occhipinti33, Andrea di Matteo33, Ian A. Kinloch4, Thomas Seyller34, Etienne Quesnel, Xinliang Feng35, K.B.K. Teo, Nalin Rupesinghe, Pertti Hakonen36, Simon R. T. Neil, Quentin Tannock, Tomas Löfwander31, Jari M. Kinaret31 •
University of Cambridge1, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia2, Lancaster University3, University of Manchester4, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies5, Technical University of Denmark6, Nokia7, Queen Mary University of London8, University of Trento9, fondazione bruno kessler10, Technische Universität München11, Polytechnic University of Milan12, Centre national de la recherche scientifique13, University of Trieste14, University of Ioannina15, University of Geneva16, Trinity College, Dublin17, Texas Instruments18, University of Paris19, Spanish National Research Council20, Leiden University21, Delft University of Technology22, University of Patras23, École Normale Supérieure24, Radboud University Nijmegen25, Nest Labs26, Airbus UK27, Seoul National University28, Yonsei University29, University of Oxford30, Chalmers University of Technology31, University of Groningen32, STMicroelectronics33, Chemnitz University of Technology34, Max Planck Society35, Aalto University36
04 Mar 2015-Nanoscale
TL;DR: An overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials, ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries are provided.
Abstract: We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

2,560 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures.

[...]

Vasilios Georgakilas1, Jason A. Perman2, Jiri Tucek2, Radek Zboril2•
University of Patras1, Palacký University, Olomouc2
27 May 2015-Chemical Reviews
TL;DR: Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures.
Abstract: and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures Vasilios Georgakilas,† Jason A. Perman,‡ Jiri Tucek,‡ and Radek Zboril*,‡ †Material Science Department, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic

1,366 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Nanoscale thermal transport. II. 2003–2012

[...]

David G. Cahill1, Paul V. Braun1, Gang Chen2, David R. Clarke3, Shanhui Fan4, Kenneth E. Goodson4, Pawel Keblinski5, William P. King1, Gerald D. Mahan6, Arun Majumdar7, Humphrey J. Maris8, Simon R. Phillpot9, Eric Pop1, Li Shi10 •
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign1, Massachusetts Institute of Technology2, Harvard University3, Stanford University4, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute5, Pennsylvania State University6, University of California, Berkeley7, Brown University8, University of Florida9, University of Texas at Austin10
14 Jan 2014-Applied physics reviews
TL;DR: In this article, a review of thermal transport at the nanoscale is presented, emphasizing developments in experiment, theory, and computation in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field.
Abstract: A diverse spectrum of technology drivers such as improved thermal barriers, higher efficiency thermoelectric energy conversion, phase-change memory, heat-assisted magnetic recording, thermal management of nanoscale electronics, and nanoparticles for thermal medical therapies are motivating studies of the applied physics of thermal transport at the nanoscale. This review emphasizes developments in experiment, theory, and computation in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field. Interfaces become increasingly important on small length scales. Research during the past decade has extended studies of interfaces between simple metals and inorganic crystals to interfaces with molecular materials and liquids with systematic control of interface chemistry and physics. At separations on the order of ∼1 nm, the science of radiative transport through nanoscale gaps overlaps with thermal conduction by the coupling of electronic and vibrational excitations across weakly bonded or rough interface...

1,307 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

[...]

Kostya S. Novoselov1, Andre K. Geim1, Sergey V. Morozov, Da Jiang1, Y. Zhang1, S. V. Dubonos, Irina V. Grigorieva1, A. A. Firsov •
University of Manchester1
22 Oct 2004-Science
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

55,532 citations

"Thermal properties of graphene and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...s), K≈3000 – 3500 W/mK at RT [10, 11], exceeds that of diamond, which is the best bulk heat conductor. Alexander A. Balandin, University of California - Riverside (2011) 3 The exfoliation of graphene [12] and discovery of its exotic electrical conduction [13, 14, 15] made possible, among other things, the first experimental study of heat transport in the strictly 2D crystals. Availability of high-qual...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
The rise of graphene

[...]

Andre K. Geim1, Kostya S. Novoselov1•
University of Manchester1
01 Mar 2007-Nature Materials
TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.

35,293 citations

"Thermal properties of graphene and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...compared to their natural abundance [145- 146]. The isotope effects in graphene have been considered only computationally [83, 147] and await experimental investigation. Finally, the rise of graphene [13] renewed interest to other carbon allotropes including their prospects for thermal management [55]. The use of complementary electronic and thermal properties of combinations of low-dimensional carbon...

    [...]

  • ...diamond, which is the best bulk heat conductor. Alexander A. Balandin, University of California - Riverside (2011) 3 The exfoliation of graphene [12] and discovery of its exotic electrical conduction [13, 14, 15] made possible, among other things, the first experimental study of heat transport in the strictly 2D crystals. Availability of high-quality few-layer graphene (FLG) led to experimental observations o...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

[...]

Kostya S. Novoselov1, A. K. Geim1, Sergey V. Morozov, Da Jiang1, Mikhail I. Katsnelson2, Irina V. Grigorieva1, S. V. Dubonos, A. A. Firsov •
University of Manchester1, Radboud University Nijmegen2
10 Nov 2005-Nature
TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

18,958 citations

"Thermal properties of graphene and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...diamond, which is the best bulk heat conductor. Alexander A. Balandin, University of California - Riverside (2011) 3 The exfoliation of graphene [12] and discovery of its exotic electrical conduction [13, 14, 15] made possible, among other things, the first experimental study of heat transport in the strictly 2D crystals. Availability of high-quality few-layer graphene (FLG) led to experimental observations o...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene

[...]

Alexander A. Balandin1, Suchismita Ghosh1, Wenzhong Bao1, Irene Calizo1, Desalegne Teweldebrhan1, Feng Miao1, Chun Ning Lau1 •
University of California, Riverside1
20 Feb 2008-Nano Letters
TL;DR: The extremely high value of the thermal conductivity suggests that graphene can outperform carbon nanotubes in heat conduction and establishes graphene as an excellent material for thermal management.
Abstract: We report the measurement of the thermal conductivity of a suspended single-layer graphene. The room temperature values of the thermal conductivity in the range ∼(4.84 ± 0.44) × 103 to (5.30 ± 0.48) × 103 W/mK were extracted for a single-layer graphene from the dependence of the Raman G peak frequency on the excitation laser power and independently measured G peak temperature coefficient. The extremely high value of the thermal conductivity suggests that graphene can outperform carbon nanotubes in heat conduction. The superb thermal conduction property of graphene is beneficial for the proposed electronic applications and establishes graphene as an excellent material for thermal management.

11,878 citations

"Thermal properties of graphene and ..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...apted from ref. (20). Alexander A. Balandin, University of California - Riverside (2011) 25 Appendix II: Unique Features of Heat Conduction in 2D Crystals Investigation of heat conduction in graphene [16, 17] and CNTs [8] raised the issue of ambiguity in definition of the intrinsic thermal conductivity for 2D and 1D crystal lattices. It is now accepted that K limited by the crystal anharmonisity alone, re...

    [...]

  • ...w-layer graphene (FLG) led to experimental observations of evolution of thermal properties as the system dimensionality changes from 2D to 3D. The first measurements of thermal properties of graphene [16, 17, 18, 19], which revealed K above the bulk graphite limit, ignited strong interest to thermal properties of this material and, in a more general context, to heat conduction in crystals of lower dimensionality....

    [...]

  • ...ne, unlike in NCD or DLC, can be dominated by the intrinsic properties of the strong sp2 lattice, rather than by phonon scattering on boundaries or by disorder, giving rise to extremely high K values [10,11, 16, 17]. From the theoretical point of view, CNTs are similar to graphene but have large curvatures and different quantization conditions for phonon modes. In the discussion of heat conduction in CNTs, one h...

    [...]

  • ...G , where G is the T coefficient of G peak. The amount of heat dissipated in graphene can be determined either via measuring the integrated Raman intensity of G peak, as in the original experiments [16], or by a detector placed under the graphene layer, as in the follow up experiments [75, 76]. Since optical absorption in graphene depends on the light wavelength [94] and can be affected by strain, d...

    [...]

  • ..., 82]. In order to compare directly independent measurements of thermal conductivity of graphene, I reproduce here the measured K as the function of temperature T from ref. (92), and add experimental [16, 17, 76, 93] and theoretical [62, 83] data from other works (See Figure 4b). In this plot, K is larger for graphene than graphite. At high T>500 K the difference becomes less pronounced, which is expected as t...

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene

[...]

Yuanbo Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer1, Philip Kim•
Columbia University1
10 Nov 2005-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental investigation of magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of Graphene is presented, where an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers in graphene is observed.
Abstract: When electrons are confined in two-dimensional materials, quantum-mechanically enhanced transport phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect can be observed. Graphene, consisting of an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal realization of such a two-dimensional system. However, its behaviour is expected to differ markedly from the well-studied case of quantum wells in conventional semiconductor interfaces. This difference arises from the unique electronic properties of graphene, which exhibits electron–hole degeneracy and vanishing carrier mass near the point of charge neutrality1,2. Indeed, a distinctive half-integer quantum Hall effect has been predicted3,4,5 theoretically, as has the existence of a non-zero Berry's phase (a geometric quantum phase) of the electron wavefunction—a consequence of the exceptional topology of the graphene band structure6,7. Recent advances in micromechanical extraction and fabrication techniques for graphite structures8,9,10,11,12 now permit such exotic two-dimensional electron systems to be probed experimentally. Here we report an experimental investigation of magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the chemical potential with the use of the electric field effect, we observe an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers in graphene. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is confirmed by magneto-oscillations. In addition to their purely scientific interest, these unusual quantum transport phenomena may lead to new applications in carbon-based electronic and magneto-electronic devices.

11,122 citations

Related Papers (5)
Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene

[...]

20 Feb 2008-Nano Letters
Alexander A. Balandin, Suchismita Ghosh, Wenzhong Bao, Irene Calizo, Desalegne Teweldebrhan, Feng Miao, Chun Ning Lau 
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

[...]

22 Oct 2004-Science
Kostya S. Novoselov, Andre K. Geim, Sergey V. Morozov, Da Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, Irina V. Grigorieva, A. A. Firsov 
Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene

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18 Jul 2008-Science
Changgu Lee, Xiaoding Wei, Jeffrey W. Kysar, James Hone, James Hone 
The rise of graphene

[...]

01 Mar 2007-Nature Materials
Andre K. Geim, Kostya S. Novoselov
The electronic properties of graphene

[...]

14 Jan 2009-Reviews of Modern Physics
A. H. Castro Neto, Francisco Guinea, Nuno M. R. Peres, Kostya S. Novoselov, Andre K. Geim