Journal Article•
Thermal simulation of breast tumors
TL;DR: In this paper, the bioheat transfer equation is solved for a simplified model of a female breast and a cancerous tumor to quantify the minimum size of a tumor or the maximum depth of a certain sized tumor that a modern state-of-the-art infrared imaging system can detect.
Abstract: It is well known that differences in energy consumption exist for normal and cancerous tissue. These differences lead to small but detectable local temperature changes, which is why infrared imaging has been used in the detection of different types of cancer; however, the early instrumentation was not sensitive enough to detect the subtle changes in temperature needed to accurately diagnose and monitor the disease. In recent years the sensitivity of infrared instruments has greatly improved. In this paper the bioheat transfer equation is solved for a simplified model of a female breast and a cancerous tumor in order to quantify the minimum size of a tumor or the maximum depth of a certain sized tumor that a modern state-of-the-art infrared imaging system can detect. Finite Element simulations showed that current state-of-the-art imagers are capable of detecting 3 cm tumors located deeper than 7 cm from the skin surface, and tumors smaller than 0.5 cm can be detected if they are located close to the surface of the skin.
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TL;DR: In this article, the presence of a tumor and its characteristics like location, size and properties are estimated based on the measurement of the skin surface temperature of the breast, which is characteristic of the tumor location, its size and grade.
64 citations
TL;DR: The proposed approach gives a correct estimation of the presence of a tumor and its location and size.
60 citations
TL;DR: This article reports a numerical study pertaining to simultaneous estimation of size, radial location and angular location of a malignant tumor in a 3-D human breast using the curve fitting method.
48 citations
Cites background or methods from "Thermal simulation of breast tumors..."
...Considering convective condition on the skin surface, with an ambient at o2 1 CfT and 25W m K,h the thermophysical properties of breast tissue (Gonz´alez, 2007) are taken as: 3920kg m , 3000J kg K,pc 0.42W m K;k and that for blood as 31052kg m and 3800J kg K.b pbc A large increase in…...
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...Metabolic heat generation rate of 329000W m (Gautherie, 1980) and blood perfusion rate of 10.009s (Gonz´alez, 2007) for a breast tumor are much higher than that of the healthy tissue ( 3450W m (Gautherie, 1980) and 10.00018s (Gonz´alez, 2007))....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a finite element based commercial solver COMSOL to estimate the position and size of a spherical tumour in a human breast using the temperatures obtained on the surface of the breast through a breast thermogram in conjunction with ANN.
40 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that digital infrared imaging has the potential to estimate in a noninvasive way the malignancy of a tumor by calculating its metabolic heat generation from bioheat thermal transfer models.
Abstract: In this work the metabolic heat generated by breast tumors is estimated indirectly and non-invasively using digital infrared images and numerically simulating a simplified breast model and a cancerous tumor. This parameter can be of clinical importance since it has been related to the doubling volume's time and malignancy for that particular tumor. The results indicate that digital infrared imaging has the potential to estimate in a noninvasive way the malignancy of a tumor by calculating its metabolic heat generation from bioheat thermal transfer models.
39 citations
Cites background or methods from "Thermal simulation of breast tumors..."
...In a previous work (González, 2007) it was concluded by using computer simulations that state-of-the-art infrared cameras could detect tumors as small as 0.5 cm at a depth of 2 cm....
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...In this work the metabolic heat generated by a breast tumor is estimated using digital infrared imaging and numerically simulating a simplified breast model and a cancerous tumor (González, 2007)....
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...In a previous work (González, 2007) it was concluded by using computer simulations that state-of-the-art infrared cameras could detect tumors as small as 0....
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...This work is based on the possibility of finding out by computer simulations the breast’s surface skin temperature due to the metabolic heat production of a tumor (González, 2007)....
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References
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TL;DR: While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States, much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years.
Abstract: Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004 Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007 Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 03% per year in women; and a 136% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004 This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population
7,446 citations
TL;DR: This study indicates that the peripheral temperature elevation reported in breast cancer patients is unlikely to be due to hypervascularity resulting from tumour‐induced angiogenesis, and implies that infrared imaging may have considerable prognostic value.
Abstract: Infrared imaging has frequently been used in the past to detect changes in skin surface temperature associated with breast cancer. Usually a 1–2°C elevation in skin surface temperature is observed at the tumour periphery, and it has been proposed that this change is due to hypervascularity resulting from tumour-associated angiogenesis. In our study, we used the rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 MAT, a tumour that has been used to identify antiangiogenic drugs, to investigate whether infrared imaging can detect angiogenesis in malignant tumours. If successful, it was hoped that this technique would represent a simple, noninvasive, procedure for monitoring the activity of antiangiogenic drugs. It was found that, unlike breast cancer patients, no tumour-associated increase in skin surface temperature was observed, but a constant and highly significant reduction in temperature was noted that was independent of tumour size and was produced by relatively small tumours (≥ 0.5 cm in diameter). The explanation for this effect is unclear but it may be due to the poorly vascularised nature of rapidly growing tumours. Nevertheless, our study indicates that the peripheral temperature elevation reported in breast cancer patients is unlikely to be due to hypervascularity resulting from tumour-induced angiogenesis. An alternative explanation is that the temperature increase is due to a chronic inflammatory response around developing breast tumours. With increasing evidence that inflammation can enhance tumour growth and is associated with a poor prognosis, this suggestion implies that infrared imaging may have considerable prognostic value. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
47 citations
TL;DR: The Clinical Study of Human Breast Cancer as discussed by the authors showed that mammograms are a good indicator of the presence of cancer in the human body, and indirect signs of breast cancer on mammography are shown by Galactography and Angiogenesis.
28 citations