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Journal ArticleDOI

Thermodynamically stable RNA three-way junction for constructing multifunctional nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutics.

Dan Shu1, Yi Shu1, Farzin Haque1, Sherine Abdelmawla, Peixuan Guo1 
01 Oct 2011-Nature Nanotechnology (Nature Research)-Vol. 6, Iss: 10, pp 658-667
TL;DR: The three-way junction domain of the phi29 bacteriophage can be assembled from three pieces of RNA oligomers to form stable multifunctional nanoparticles that are useful for the treatment of different diseases.
Abstract: RNA nanoparticles have applications in the treatment of cancers and viral infection; however, the instability of RNA nanoparticles has hindered their development for therapeutic applications. The lack of covalent linkage or crosslinking in nanoparticles causes dissociation in vivo. Here we show that the packaging RNA of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor can be assembled from 3-6 pieces of RNA oligomers without the use of metal salts. Each RNA oligomer contains a functional module that can be a receptor-binding ligand, aptamer, short interfering RNA or ribozyme. When mixed together, they self-assemble into thermodynamically stable tri-star nanoparticles with a three-way junction core. These nanoparticles are resistant to 8 M urea denaturation, are stable in serum and remain intact at extremely low concentrations. The modules remain functional in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the three-way junction core can be used as a platform for building a variety of multifunctional nanoparticles. We studied 25 different three-way junction motifs in biological RNA and found only one other motif that shares characteristics similar to the three-way junction of phi29 pRNA.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An introduction to the biological challenges that siRNA delivery materials aim to overcome is provided, as well as a discussion of the way that the most effective and clinically advanced classes of si RNA delivery systems are designed to surmount these challenges.
Abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) has broad potential as a therapeutic to reversibly silence any gene. To achieve the clinical potential of RNAi, delivery materials are required to transport short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the site of action in the cells of target tissues. This Review provides an introduction to the biological challenges that siRNA delivery materials aim to overcome, as well as a discussion of the way that the most effective and clinically advanced classes of siRNA delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles and siRNA conjugates, are designed to surmount these challenges. The systems that we discuss are diverse in their approaches to the delivery problem, and provide valuable insight to guide the design of future siRNA delivery materials.

1,489 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review, state-of-the-art studies concerning recent advances in nanotechnology-mediated multimodal synergistic therapy will be systematically discussed, with an emphasis on the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials for realizing bimodal and trimodal synergy therapy.
Abstract: The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors seriously undermine the therapeutic potential of treatment. Therefore, the current trend in clinical research has gradually shifted from a focus on monotherapy to combination therapy for enhanced treatment efficacy. More importantly, the cooperative enhancement interactions between several types of monotherapy contribute to the naissance of multimodal synergistic therapy, which results in remarkable superadditive (namely “1 + 1 > 2”) effects, stronger than any single therapy or their theoretical combination. In this review, state-of-the-art studies concerning recent advances in nanotechnology-mediated multimodal synergistic therapy will be systematically discussed, with an emphasis on the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials for realizing bimodal and trimodal synergistic therapy as well as the intensive exploration of the underlying synergistic mechanisms for explaining the significant improvements in synergistic therapeutic outcome. Furtherm...

1,220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Beatriz Pelaz1, Christoph Alexiou2, Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla3, Frauke Alves4, Frauke Alves5, Anne M. Andrews6, Sumaira Ashraf1, Lajos P. Balogh, Laura Ballerini7, Alessandra Bestetti8, Cornelia Brendel1, Susanna Bosi9, Mónica Carril10, Warren C. W. Chan11, Chunying Chen, Xiaodong Chen12, Xiaoyuan Chen13, Zhen Cheng14, Daxiang Cui15, Jianzhong Du16, Christian Dullin4, Alberto Escudero17, Alberto Escudero1, Neus Feliu18, Mingyuan Gao, Michael D. George, Yury Gogotsi19, Arnold Grünweller1, Zhongwei Gu20, Naomi J. Halas21, Norbert Hampp1, Roland K. Hartmann1, Mark C. Hersam22, Patrick Hunziker23, Ji Jian24, Xingyu Jiang, Philipp Jungebluth25, Pranav Kadhiresan11, Kazunori Kataoka26, Ali Khademhosseini27, Jindřich Kopeček28, Nicholas A. Kotov29, Harald F. Krug30, Dong Soo Lee31, Claus-Michael Lehr32, Kam W. Leong33, Xing-Jie Liang34, Mei Ling Lim18, Luis M. Liz-Marzán10, Xiaowei Ma34, Paolo Macchiarini35, Huan Meng6, Helmuth Möhwald5, Paul Mulvaney8, Andre E. Nel6, Shuming Nie36, Peter Nordlander21, Teruo Okano, Jose Oliveira, Tai Hyun Park31, Reginald M. Penner37, Maurizio Prato10, Maurizio Prato9, Víctor F. Puntes38, Vincent M. Rotello39, Amila Samarakoon11, Raymond E. Schaak40, Youqing Shen24, Sebastian Sjöqvist18, Andre G. Skirtach41, Andre G. Skirtach5, Mahmoud Soliman1, Molly M. Stevens42, Hsing-Wen Sung43, Ben Zhong Tang44, Rainer Tietze2, Buddhisha Udugama11, J. Scott VanEpps29, Tanja Weil5, Tanja Weil45, Paul S. Weiss6, Itamar Willner46, Yuzhou Wu5, Yuzhou Wu47, Lily Yang, Zhao Yue1, Qian Zhang1, Qiang Zhang48, Xian-En Zhang, Yuliang Zhao, Xin Zhou, Wolfgang J. Parak1 
14 Mar 2017-ACS Nano
TL;DR: An overview of recent developments in nanomedicine is provided and the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field are highlighted and translation to the clinic is highlighted.
Abstract: The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.

926 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The RNAi-microsponges consist entirely of cleavable RNA strands and are processed by the cell's RNA machinery to convert the stable hairpin RNA to siRNA only after cellular uptake, thus inherently providing protection for siRNA during delivery and transport to the cytoplasm.
Abstract: The encapsulation and delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) has been realized using lipid nanoparticles, cationic complexes, inorganic nanoparticles, RNA nanoparticles and dendrimers. Still, the instability of RNA and the relatively ineffectual encapsulation process of siRNA remain critical issues towards the clinical translation of RNA as a therapeutic. Here we report the synthesis of a delivery vehicle that combines carrier and cargo: RNA interference (RNAi) polymers that self-assemble into nanoscale pleated sheets of hairpin RNA, which in turn form sponge-like microspheres. The RNAi-microsponges consist entirely of cleavable RNA strands, and are processed by the cell's RNA machinery to convert the stable hairpin RNA to siRNA only after cellular uptake, thus inherently providing protection for siRNA during delivery and transport to the cytoplasm. More than half a million copies of siRNA can be delivered to a cell with the uptake of a single RNAi-microsponge. The approach could lead to novel therapeutic routes for siRNA delivery.

388 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An in-depth, evaluatory coverage of the most fundamental methodological challenges that set the basis for the future development of the field, in particular, the current developments and inherent physical limitations of the atomistic force fields and the recent advances in a broad spectrum of enhanced sampling methods are covered.
Abstract: With both catalytic and genetic functions, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is perhaps the most pluripotent chemical species in molecular biology, and its functions are intimately linked to its structure and dynamics. Computer simulations, and in particular atomistic molecular dynamics (MD), allow structural dynamics of biomolecular systems to be investigated with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the fast-developing field of MD simulations of RNA molecules. We begin with an in-depth, evaluatory coverage of the most fundamental methodological challenges that set the basis for the future development of the field, in particular, the current developments and inherent physical limitations of the atomistic force fields and the recent advances in a broad spectrum of enhanced sampling methods. We also survey the closely related field of coarse-grained modeling of RNA systems. After dealing with the methodological aspects, we provide an exhaustive overview of the ava...

375 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
19 Feb 1998-Nature
TL;DR: To their surprise, it was found that double-stranded RNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than was either strand individually, arguing against stochiometric interference with endogenous mRNA and suggesting that there could be a catalytic or amplification component in the interference process.
Abstract: Experimental introduction of RNA into cells can be used in certain biological systems to interfere with the function of an endogenous gene Such effects have been proposed to result from a simple antisense mechanism that depends on hybridization between the injected RNA and endogenous messenger RNA transcripts RNA interference has been used in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to manipulate gene expression Here we investigate the requirements for structure and delivery of the interfering RNA To our surprise, we found that double-stranded RNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than was either strand individually After injection into adult animals, purified single strands had at most a modest effect, whereas double-stranded mixtures caused potent and specific interference The effects of this interference were evident in both the injected animals and their progeny Only a few molecules of injected double-stranded RNA were required per affected cell, arguing against stochiometric interference with endogenous mRNA and suggesting that there could be a catalytic or amplification component in the interference process

15,374 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that apoptosis inhibition may be a general feature of neoplasia and survivin is identified as a potential new target for apoptosis-based therapy in cancer and lymphoma.
Abstract: Inhibitors of programmed cell death (apoptosis) aberrantly prolonging cell viability may contribute to cancer by facilitating the insurgence of mutations and by promoting resistance to therapy Despite the identification of several new apoptosis inhibitors related to bcl-2 or to the baculovirus IAP gene, it is not clear whether apoptosis inhibition plays a general role in neoplasia Here, we describe a new human gene encoding a structurally unique IAP apoptosis inhibitor, designated survivin Survivin contains a single baculovirus IAP repeat and lacks a carboxyl-terminal RING finger Present during fetal development, survivin is undetectable in terminally differentiated adult tissues However, survivin becomes prominently expressed in transformed cell lines and in all the most common human cancers of lung, colon, pancreas, prostate and breast, in vivo Survivin is also found in approximately 50% of high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (centroblastic, immunoblastic), but not in low-grade lymphomas (lymphocytic) Recombinant expression of survivin counteracts apoptosis of B lymphocyte precursors deprived of interleukin 3 (IL-3) These findings suggest that apoptosis inhibition may be a general feature of neoplasia and identify survivin as a potential new target for apoptosis-based therapy in cancer and lymphoma

3,200 citations


"Thermodynamically stable RNA three-..." refers background in this paper

  • ..., the second fragment was labelled with Cy3 and the third fragment was fused to siRNA that could silence the gene of the anti-apoptotic factor, Survivi...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Nov 2004-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, chemically modified short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to silence an endogenous gene encoding apolipoprotein B (apoB) after intravenous injection in mice.
Abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) holds considerable promise as a therapeutic approach to silence disease-causing genes, particularly those that encode so-called 'non-druggable' targets that are not amenable to conventional therapeutics such as small molecules, proteins, or monoclonal antibodies. The main obstacle to achieving in vivo gene silencing by RNAi technologies is delivery. Here we show that chemically modified short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can silence an endogenous gene encoding apolipoprotein B (apoB) after intravenous injection in mice. Administration of chemically modified siRNAs resulted in silencing of the apoB messenger RNA in liver and jejunum, decreased plasma levels of apoB protein, and reduced total cholesterol. We also show that these siRNAs can silence human apoB in a transgenic mouse model. In our in vivo study, the mechanism of action for the siRNAs was proven to occur through RNAi-mediated mRNA degradation, and we determined that cleavage of the apoB mRNA occurred specifically at the predicted site. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of siRNAs for the treatment of disease.

2,315 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These findings are consistent with miRNA-mediated gene silencing as a potential mechanism of intercellular communication between cells of the immune system that may be exploited by the persistent human γ-herpesvirus EBV.
Abstract: Noncoding regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) of cellular and viral origin control gene expression by repressing the translation of mRNAs into protein. Interestingly, miRNAs are secreted actively through small vesicles called “exosomes” that protect them from degradation by RNases, suggesting that these miRNAs may function outside the cell in which they were produced. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs secreted by EBV-infected cells are transferred to and act in uninfected recipient cells. Using a quantitative RT-PCR approach, we demonstrate that mature EBV-encoded miRNAs are secreted by EBV-infected B cells through exosomes. These EBV-miRNAs are functional because internalization of exosomes by MoDC results in a dose-dependent, miRNA-mediated repression of confirmed EBV target genes, including CXCL11/ITAC, an immunoregulatory gene down-regulated in primary EBV-associated lymphomas. We demonstrate that throughout coculture of EBV-infected B cells EBV-miRNAs accumulate in noninfected neighboring MoDC and show that this accumulation is mediated by transfer of exosomes. Thus, the exogenous EBV-miRNAs transferred through exosomes are delivered to subcellular sites of gene repression in recipient cells. Finally, we show in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with increased EBV load that, although EBV DNA is restricted to the circulating B-cell population, EBV BART miRNAs are present in both B-cell and non-B-cell fractions, suggestive of miRNA transfer. Taken together our findings are consistent with miRNA-mediated gene silencing as a potential mechanism of intercellular communication between cells of the immune system that may be exploited by the persistent human γ-herpesvirus EBV.

1,480 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review presents a brief mechanistic background of folate-targeted macromolecular therapeutics and then summarizes the successes and failures observed with each major application of the technology.

960 citations


"Thermodynamically stable RNA three-..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Folate has been used extensively as a cancer cell delivery agent through folate-receptor-mediated endocytosi...

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