Three Forms of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium and their Reliability
01 Jul 1971-British Journal of Psychiatry (The Royal College of Psychiatrists)-Vol. 119, Iss: 548, pp 1-8
TL;DR: Three parallel forms of the clinical tests of the sensorium were devised, tried out and modified on two groups of 24 subjects and correlated moderately well when repeated.
Abstract: Three parallel forms of the clinical tests of the sensorium were devised, tried out and modified on two groups of 24 subjects.
The final versions were further assessed by using each form in turn with 108 psychiatric patients. The three forms of tests gave scores with very similar means and standard deviations. They correlated moderately well when repeated.
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TL;DR: A simplified, scored form of the cognitive mental status examination, the “Mini-Mental State” (MMS) which includes eleven questions, requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely.
76,181 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The Mini-Mental State (MMS) as mentioned in this paper is a simplified version of the standard WAIS with eleven questions and requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely.
Abstract: EXAMINATION of the mental state is essential in evaluating psychiatric patients.1 Many investigators have added quantitative assessment of cognitive performance to the standard examination, and have documented reliability and validity of the several “clinical tests of the sensorium”.2*3 The available batteries are lengthy. For example, WITHERS and HINTON’S test includes 33 questions and requires about 30 min to administer and score. The standard WAIS requires even more time. However, elderly patients, particularly those with delirium or dementia syndromes, cooperate well only for short periods.4 Therefore, we devised a simplified, scored form of the cognitive mental status examination, the “Mini-Mental State” (MMS) which includes eleven questions, requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely. It is “mini” because it concentrates only on the cognitive aspects of mental functions, and excludes questions concerning mood, abnormal mental experiences and the form of thinking. But within the cognitive realm it is thorough. We have documented the validity and reliability of the MMS when given to 206 patients with dementia syndromes, affective disorder, affective disorder with cognitive impairment “pseudodementia”5T6), mania, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and in 63 normal subjects.
70,887 citations
Book•
01 Jul 1987
TL;DR: The author revealed that gender differences in age at Onset and Course of Schizophrenic Disorders and the Reverse Genetic approach to the Etiology of Sch schizophrenia offered a clue to the Aetiology of the Disease.
Abstract: I Epidemiology of Schizophrenia- Deviant Birth Season Distribution: Does It Offer a Clue to the Aetiology of Schizophrenia?- Gender Differences in Age at Onset and Course of Schizophrenic Disorders A Contribution to the Understanding of the Disease?- Early Predictors of Onset and Course of Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum- Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Discussion- II Determinants of Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia- The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: Five-Year Follow-Up Findings- What Is Crucial for the Long-Term Outcome of Schizophrenia?- Models for the Development of Symptomatology and Course of Schizophrenia- Interaction of Environment and Personality in the Course of Schizophrenia- III Genetics of Schizophrenia- Models of Heritability and Genetic Transmission- Gene-Environment Interaction in Adoptive Families- The Reverse Genetic Approach to the Etiology of Schizophrenia- Genetics of Schizophrenia: Discussion- IV Vulnerability Models for Schizophrenia- Testing Vulnerability Models: Stability of Potential Vulnerability Indicators Across Clinical State- The Contributions of Psychophysiology to Vulnerability Models- The Contributions of Cognitive Psychology to Vulnerability Models- Vulnerability Models for Schizophrenia: Discussion- V Brain Anatomy in Schizophrenia- The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia- Computer Tomographic Studies in Schizophrenia- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain: Clinical and Research Applications in Schizophrenia- Brain Anatomy in Schizophrenia: Discussion- VI Brain Function in Schizophrenia- Positron Emission Tomography in Schizophrenia- Brain Localisation and Neuropsychology in Schizophrenia: Syndrome and Neurodevelopmental Implications- The Autonomic Orienting Response as a Possible Vulnerability Marker in Schizophrenia- Event-Related Potentials and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia- Brain Function in Schizophrenia: Discussion- VII Future Strategies and Perspectives in Schizophrenia Research- Antipsychotic Drugs as Tools for Etiological Research- Strategies for Biological Research: Psychosis as an Anomaly of the Cerebral Dominance Gene- Strategies for Psychosocial Research into the Causes of Schizophrenia- New Perspectives in the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia- Future Strategies and Perspectives in Schizophrenia Research: Discussion- Closing Remarks- Author Index
505 citations
322 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that impairments of the four areas of the present state are likely to be an integral part of the disease.
Abstract: Five hundred and ten patients receiving long-term in-patient care for schizophrenia were examined in terms of their current mental state, cognitive functioning, neurological status and behavioural performance. The abnormalities of these areas of their present state were related to historical factors, personal details, the features of the illness at its worst and physical treatment received. Significant associations between the present state and historical factors are few and mainly concerned time and the features of the illness at its worst. Current abnormalities were not related to past physical treatment, but highly significant correlations were found between the impairments of the four areas of the present state. It is concluded that these impairments are likely to be an integral part of the disease.
254 citations
References
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TL;DR: This study shows how the agreement between psychological test results and psychiatric diagnosis can be increased by a statistical decision process based upon Bayes's theorem.
Abstract: This study shows how the agreement between psychological test results and psychiatric diagnosis can be increased by a statistical decision process based upon Bayes's theorem.
25 citations