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Journal ArticleDOI

Three-phase interactions in shear and electrical fields

S Torza1, S. G. Mason1
01 May 1970-Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (Academic Press)-Vol. 33, Iss: 1, pp 67-83
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that when two immiscible liquid drops, designated as phase-1 and -3, suspended in a third immiscibility liquid, phase-2, are brought into contact, the resulting equilibrium configuration is readily predicted from the interfacial tensions σij and spreading coefficients Si = σjk − (σij + σik).
About: This article is published in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 501 citations till now.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparative analysis is given of the size, zeta-potential, dispersion pH, shell thickness, encapsulation efficiency, active substance release, stability and in vivo and in vitro pharmacological performances, which allows establishing criteria for selecting a method for preparation of nanocapsules according to its advantages, limitations and behaviours as a drug carrier.

1,462 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A link between nano-emulsion formulation methods and nanoparticle generation is proposed, while at the same time bearing in mind the above-mentioned parameters for active molecule encapsulation.

1,038 citations


Cites background from "Three-phase interactions in shear a..."

  • ...In fact, this phenomenon has given rise to the theory of droplets composed of binary mixture [191], and the polymer/oil system can adopt several configurations (i....

    [...]

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the viscoelastic properties of (mostly carbon black) filled elastomers with emphasis on the strain-dependence of the complex dynamic modulus (Payne effect).
Abstract: The viscoelastic properties of (mostly carbon black) filled elastomers are reviewed with emphasis on the strain-dependence of the complex dynamic modulus (Payne effect) Considerable progress has been made in the past in relating the typical dynamical behavior at low strain amplitudes to a cyclic breakdown and reagglomeration of physical filler-filler bonds in typical clusters of varying size, including the infinite filler network Common features between the phenomenological agglomeration/deagglomeration Kraus approach and very recent semi-microscopical networking approaches (two aggregate VTG model, links-nodes-blobs model, kinetical cluster-cluster aggregation) are discussed All semi-microscopical models contain the assumption of geometrical arrangements of sub-units (aggregates) in particular filler network structures, resulting for example from percolation or kinetical cluster-cluster aggregation These concepts predict some features of the Payne effect that are independent of the specific types of filler These features are in good agreement with experimental studies For example, the shape exponent m of the storage modulus, G′, drop with increasing deformation is determined by the structure of the cluster network Another example is a scaling relation predicting a specific power law behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of the filler volume fraction The exponent reflects the characteristic structure of the fractal filler clusters and of the corresponding filler network The existing concepts of the filler network breakdown and reformation appear to be adequate in describing the deformation-dependence of dynamic mechanical properties of filled rubbers The different approaches suggest in a common manner that there is a change of filler structure with increasing dynamic strain However, in all cases additional assumptions are made about the accompanying energy dissipation process, imparting higher hysteresis to the filled rubber This process may be slippage of entanglements (slip-links) in the transition layer between bound rubber layer and mobile rubber phase, and/or partially release of elastically ‘dead’ immobilized rubber trapped within the filler network or agglomerates

455 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jan 2001-Langmuir
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of different monomers and monomer mixtures, of the type and amount of surfactant, and of the hydrophobe on the morphological characteristics of the polymer/oil composite particle, using dynamic light scattering, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and atomic force microscopy.
Abstract: This paper reports on the convenient one-step synthesis of hollow polymer nanocapsules by miniemulsion polymerization of different monomers in the presence of larger amounts of a hydrophobe. The idea of the procedure is that the hydrophobe and monomer form a common miniemulsion, whereas the polymer is immiscible with the hydrophobe and demixes throughout polymerization to form the hollow polymer structure surrounding the hydrophobe. The primary objective of this work was to study the effect of different monomers and monomer mixtures, of the type and amount of surfactant, and of the hydrophobe on the morphological characteristics of the polymer/oil composite particle, using dynamic light scattering, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the structure can be adjusted to cover the whole range from independent particles over partially engulfed structures to structurally integer nanocapsules of high uniformity.

447 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of the multi-Liquid Contact Angle Method in relation to surface-to-surface contact Angle Matching.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 20 THE SINGLE LIQUID CONTACT ANGLE METHOD 21 OTHER METHODS FOR MEASURING SURFACE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CELLS 23 Multi-Liquid Contact Angle Method ...... 23 Cell Adhesiveness 24 Immiscible Liquids 24 PHAGOCYTOSIS AND CONTACT ANGLES OF NONOPSONIZED BACTERIA 25 OPSONIZATION BY IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS 26 General 26 Immunoglobulins 27 Complement Components 27 OPSONIZING ROLE OF OTHER PLASMA COMPONENTS 28 Albumin 28 Altered Albumin ......... 28 Glycoproteins 28 Hageman Factor 28 Fibrinogen and Fibrin 29 ROLE OF L YMPHOKINES 29 EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS 29 EFFECT OF OTHER ADDITIVES 30 Heparin 30 Lectins 30 Levamisole 30 Surjactants 30 Hydrophobic Particles and Droplets 31 INFLUENCE OF CELL CHARGE AND SHAPE 31 THERMODYNAMICS OF ENGULFMENT 32

428 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1960
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the nature and properties of liquid interfaces, including the formation of a new phase, nucleation and crystal growth, and the contact angle of surfaces of solids.
Abstract: Capillarity. The Nature and Thermodynamics of Liquid Interfaces. Surface Films on Liquid Substrates. Electrical Aspects of Surface Chemistry. Long--Range Forces. Surfaces of Solids. Surfaces of Solids: Microscopy and Spectroscopy. The Formation of a New Phase--Nucleation and Crystal Growth. The Solid--Liquid Interface--Contact Angle. The Solid--Liquid Interface--Adsorption from Solution. Frication, Lubrication, and Adhesion. Wetting, Flotation, and Detergency. Emulsions, Foams, and Aerosols. Macromolecular Surface Films, Charged Films, and Langmuir--Blodgett Layers. The Solid--Gas Interface--General Considerations. Adsorption of Gases and Vapors on Solids. Chemisorption and Catalysis. Index.

10,790 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation, orientation, and burst of fluid drops suspended in a liquid subjected to both hyperbolic and shear flow have been measured for a large number of fluid pairs covering a wide range of viscosity ratio p. At low deformation excellent agreement, with theoretical equations due to Taylor and Cerf was found.

408 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Methods have been developed for depositing thin stable semipermeable polymer membranes around aqueous microdroplets (mean diameter down to 5 μ or less) by either interfacial polymerization or interfacial coacervation.
Abstract: Methods have been developed for depositing thin stable semipermeable polymer membranes around aqueous microdroplets (mean diameter down to 5 μ or less) by either interfacial polymerization or inter...

387 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the condition for the formation of such stable lenses is that the spreading coefficient FS = γ1 − γ2 γ12 shall be negative and the magnitude of the linear tension at the lens boundary is also calculated.
Abstract: A higher hydrocarbon, such as tetradecane, on the surface of water forms a circular lens. The condition for the formation of such stable lenses is that the spreading coefficient FS = γ1 — γ2 — γ12 shall be negative. As the volume of the oil lens is increased, the thickness t at the center slowly approaches a limiting value given by t∞2 = —2Fsρ1/gρ2(ρ1 — ρ2). Equations are given by which FS can be accurately determined from measurements of the radii of large lenses of known volume. The magnitude of the linear tension at the lens boundary is also calculated. Experiments with tetradecane on water at 25°C give FS = —6.2 dynes cm—1 and γ = 26.9. When hydrophilic molecules are introduced into the interface between the lens and the water, they give a spreading force F12 which causes a decrease in — FS and in t. When t<0.1 mm gravitational effects are negligible and the lens degenerates into a duplex film. If such a film is confined by a movable barrier (piston), the force per unit length F exerted on the barrier...

331 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
W Bartok1, S. G. Mason1
TL;DR: In this article, the rotations executed by rigid rods, fused doublets of equal-sized spheres, and the transitory doublets formed by collision of equal sized spheres suspended in a liquid subjected to laminar shear, have been studied by making observations along the planes of shear.

289 citations