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Journal ArticleDOI

Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A review

TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of alloy chemistry, thermomechanical processing and surface condition on these properties is discussed and various surface modification techniques to achieve superior biocompatibility, higher wear and corrosion resistance.
About: This article is published in Progress in Materials Science.The article was published on 2009-05-01. It has received 4113 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biomaterial.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the applications of three main types of biocompatible metal, namely, stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium and its alloys are reviewed.

403 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Perhaps the most spectacular and surprising one-dimensional structures and their unique biomedical applications for increased osseointegration, protein interaction and antibacterial properties are focused on.
Abstract: Titanium and titanium alloys exhibit a unique combination of strength and biocompatibility, which enables their use in medical applications and accounts for their extensive use as implant materials in the last 50 years. Currently, a large amount of research is being carried out in order to determine the optimal surface topography for use in bioapplications, and thus the emphasis is on nanotechnology for biomedical applications. It was recently shown that titanium implants with rough surface topography and free energy increase osteoblast adhesion, maturation and subsequent bone formation. Furthermore, the adhesion of different cell lines to the surface of titanium implants is influenced by the surface characteristics of titanium; namely topography, charge distribution and chemistry. The present review article focuses on the specific nanotopography of titanium, i.e. titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, using a simple electrochemical anodisation method of the metallic substrate and other processes such as the hydrothermal or sol-gel template. One key advantage of using TiO2 nanotubes in cell interactions is based on the fact that TiO2 nanotube morphology is correlated with cell adhesion, spreading, growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which were shown to be maximally induced on smaller diameter nanotubes (15 nm), but hindered on larger diameter (100 nm) tubes, leading to cell death and apoptosis. Research has supported the significance of nanotopography (TiO2 nanotube diameter) in cell adhesion and cell growth, and suggests that the mechanics of focal adhesion formation are similar among different cell types. As such, the present review will focus on perhaps the most spectacular and surprising one-dimensional structures and their unique biomedical applications for increased osseointegration, protein interaction and antibacterial properties.

395 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jun 2018
TL;DR: In this article, a broad and extensive review of beta titanium alloys is provided, including phase stability, development history, thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment, and stress-induced transformations.
Abstract: In this article, we provide a broad and extensive review of beta titanium alloys. Beta titanium alloys are an important class of alloys that have found use in demanding applications such as aircraft structures and engines, and orthopedic and orthodontic implants. Their high strength, good corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and ease of fabrication provide significant advantages compared to other high performance alloys. The body-centered cubic (bcc) β-phase is metastable at temperatures below the beta transus temperature, providing these alloys with a wide range of microstructures and mechanical properties through processing and heat treatment. One attribute important for biomedical applications is the ability to adjust the modulus of elasticity through alloying and altering phase volume fractions. Furthermore, since these alloys are metastable, they experience stress-induced transformations in response to deformation. The attributes of these alloys make them the subject of many recent studies. In addition, researchers are pursuing development of new metastable and near-beta Ti alloys for advanced applications. In this article, we review several important topics of these alloys including phase stability, development history, thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment, and stress-induced transformations. In addition, we address recent developments in new alloys, phase stability, superelasticity, and additive manufacturing.

354 citations


Cites background from "Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate..."

  • ...Another consideration is the modulus of elasticity mismatch between α + β Ti alloys, which is approximately between 110 GPa and 115 GPa, and cortical bone, which is approximately 30 GPa [11,30]....

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  • ...The history of these alloys used in biomedical applications is more recent compared to use in aircraft structures and can be divided into development for orthopedic implants and orthodontics [11,13]....

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  • ...The TNZT alloy has a modulus of elasticity of 59 GPa more closely matching that of cortical bone and reportedly has low cell toxicity [97]....

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  • ...Although the Ti2448 alloy has low modulus of elasticity of approximately between 42 GPa and 50 GPa, this is, however, greater than cortical bone and may still cause stress shielding by an implant....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the state of the art in process optimisation which is being used to confront these challenges in the as-built state with a view to removing the reliance on post processing.
Abstract: Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique which has been heavily investigated for the processing of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) which is used in the biomedical, aerospace and other industries. To date the SLM processing of this material has been inhibited by the requirement of post processes due to three primary challenges of martensitic microstructures, undesired porosity and residual stresses which are present in the as-built state. This work identifies the state of the art in process optimisation which is being used to confront these challenges in the as-built state with a view to removing the reliance on post processing. Regarding process optimisation, maximising part density is the primary goal due to the negative influence of pores on fracture and fatigue properties. To accomplish this, a high energy input is required which results in high cooling rates during processing. It is these cooling rates which are instrumental in the microstructural evolution and residual stress production. Accordingly novel methods have been proposed which aim to maintain the necessary high level of energy input but control the cooling rates to tailor the microstructure and reduce residual stresses. Research gaps have been identified pertaining to all three of these challenges when considering mechanical properties of as-built components. Thus in its current state post processes remain critical, however promising techniques in early stage development provide encouragement going forward.

349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A red‐phosphorus–IR780–arginine–glycine–aspartic‐acid–cysteine coated on titanium bone implants can improve the cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation and reaches an antibacterial efficiency of 96.2% in vivo with 10 min of irradiation at 50 °C.
Abstract: Bone-implant-associated infections are common after orthopedic surgery due to impaired host immune response around the implants. In particular, when a biofilm develops, the immune system and antibiotic treatment find it difficult to eradicate, which sometimes requires a second operation to replace the infected implants. Most strategies have been designed to prevent biofilms from forming on the surface of bone implants, but these strategies cannot eliminate the biofilm when it has been established in vivo. To address this issue, a nonsurgical, noninvasive treatment for biofilm infection must be developed. Herein, a red-phosphorus-IR780-arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine coating on titanium bone implants is prepared. The red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) produced by IR780. Without damaging the normal tissue, the biofilm can be eradicated through a safe near-infrared (808 nm) photothermal therapy at 50 °C in vitro and in vivo. This approach reaches an antibacterial efficiency of 96.2% in vivo with 10 min of irradiation at 50 °C. Meanwhile, arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine decorated on the surface of the implant can improve the cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation.

335 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Steven M. Kurtz1, Kevin L. Ong1, Edmund Lau1, Fionna Mowat1, Michael T. Halpern1 
TL;DR: These large projected increases in demand for total hip and knee arthroplasties provide a quantitative basis for future policy decisions related to the numbers of orthopaedic surgeons needed to perform these procedures and the deployment of appropriate resources to serve this need.
Abstract: Background: Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of revision total hip and knee arthroplasties performed in the United States. The purpose of this study was to formulate projections for the number of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasties that will be performed in the United States through 2030. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1990 to 2003) was used in conjunction with United States Census Bureau data to quantify primary and revision arthroplasty rates as a function of age, gender, race and/or ethnicity, and census region. Projections were performed with use of Poisson regression on historical procedure rates in combination with population projections from 2005 to 2030. Results: By 2030, the demand for primary total hip arthroplasties is estimated to grow by 174% to 572,000. The demand for primary total knee arthroplasties is projected to grow by 673% to 3.48 million procedures. The demand for hip revision procedures is projected to double by the year 2026, while the demand for knee revisions is expected to double by 2015. Although hip revisions are currently more frequently performed than knee revisions, the demand for knee revisions is expected to surpass the demand for hip revisions after 2007. Overall, total hip and total knee revisions are projected to grow by 137% and 601%, respectively, between 2005 and 2030. Conclusions: These large projected increases in demand for total hip and knee arthroplasties provide a quantitative basis for future policy decisions related to the numbers of orthopaedic surgeons needed to perform these procedures and the deployment of appropriate resources to serve this need.

7,032 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Marc Long1, H.J Rack1
TL;DR: This review examines current information on the physical and mechanical characteristics of titanium alloys used in artifical joint replacement prostheses, with a special focus on those issues associated with the long-term prosthetic requirements, e.g., fatigue and wear.

3,039 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of surface modification techniques for titanium and titanium alloys can be found in this article, where the authors have shown that the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biological properties can be improved selectively using the appropriate surface treatment techniques while the desirable bulk attributes of the materials are retained.
Abstract: Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical devices and components, especially as hard tissue replacements as well as in cardiac and cardiovascular applications, because of their desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the biological, chemical, and mechanical properties, surface modification is often performed. This article reviews the various surface modification technologies pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including mechanical treatment, thermal spraying, sol–gel, chemical and electrochemical treatment, and ion implantation from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Recent work has shown that the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biological properties of titanium and titanium alloys can be improved selectively using the appropriate surface treatment techniques while the desirable bulk attributes of the materials are retained. The proper surface treatment expands the use of titanium and titanium alloys in the biomedical fields. Some of the recent applications are also discussed in this paper.

3,019 citations

Book
01 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the technology and evaluation of Corrosion is presented, with a focus on the effects of Metallurgical Structure on Corrosions, and a discussion of materials selection and design.
Abstract: 1. The Technology and Evaluation of Corrosion. 2. Electrochemical Thermodynamics and Electrode Potential. 3. Electrochemical Kinetics of Corrosion. 4. Passivity. 5. Polarization Methods to Measure Corrosion Rate. 6. Galvanic and Concentration Cell Corrosion. 7. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion. 8. Environmentally Induced Cracking. 9. Effects of Metallurgical Structure on Corrosion. 10. Corrosion-Related Damage by Hydrogen, Erosion, and Wear. 11. Corrosion in Selected Corrosive Environments. 12. Atmospheric Corrosion and Elevated Temperature Oxidation. 13. Cathodic Protection. 14. Coatings and Inhibitors. 15. Materials Selection and Design. Index.

2,939 citations


"Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Crevice corrosion is encountered beneath the heads of fixing screws made of 316L stainless steel and mechanically assisted crevice corrosion of modular total hip arthroplasty components has been associated with elevations in serum cobalt and urine chromium [72]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that, in the vast majority of circumstances, the sole requirement for biocompatibility in a medical device intended for long-term contact with the tissues of the human body is that the material shall do no harm to those tissues, achieved through chemical and biological inertness.

2,219 citations