Tick Immunobiology and Extracellular Traps: An Integrative Vision to Control of Vectors.
19 Nov 2021-Pathogenetics (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)-Vol. 10, Iss: 11, pp 1511
TL;DR: In this article, the actors of these responses are the object of a study in this review since they are new targets in anti-tick vaccine design, and they present their role in the immune response that positions them as feasible targets that can be blocked, inhibited, interfered with, and overexpressed.
Abstract: Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that infest a diverse number of vertebrate hosts. The tick immunobiology plays a significant role in establishing and transmitting many pathogens to their hosts. To control tick infestations, the acaricide application is a commonly used method with severe environmental consequences and the selection of tick-resistant populations. With these drawbacks, new tick control methods need to be developed, and the immune system of ticks contains a plethora of potential candidates for vaccine design. Additionally, tick immunity is based on an orchestrated action of humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, the actors of these responses are the object of our study in this review since they are new targets in anti-tick vaccine design. We present their role in the immune response that positions them as feasible targets that can be blocked, inhibited, interfered with, and overexpressed, and then elucidate a new method to control tick infestations through the development of vaccines. We also propose Extracellular Traps Formation (ETosis) in ticks as a process to eliminate their natural enemies and those pathogens they transmit (vectorial capacity), which results attractive since they are a source of acting molecules with potential use as vaccines.
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TL;DR: This poster aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, which aims to provide real-time information about the immune response to the SARs-CoV-2 virus.
Abstract: Notwithstanding that most biomedical research today focuses on the pandemic caused by the SARs-CoV-2 virus, there are many unresolved diseases that are almost forgotten worldwide [...].
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review article explains different zoonotic diseases transmitted by various species of ticks and suggests use of various bait formulations and cultural control methods for deterring ticks from blood feeding.
Abstract: The present review article explains different zoonotic diseases transmitted by various species of ticks. This article emphasizes various animal hosts, transmission and prevalence of various zoonotic diseases caused by a virus, bacteria, protozoans in different eco-climatic regions of the world. This article also explains various diagnostic methods applied for the detection of disease pathogens, treatment methods and prophylactic measures. It recommends tick saliva antigen-based oral vaccines and antibiotics as treatment methods. It also suggests use of various bait formulations and cultural control methods for deterring ticks from blood feeding. This article signifies the need of pesticides for control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
TL;DR: In this article , the expression of genes involved in immune signaling pathways of R. microplus adults' guts when challenged with a high or low parasitic load of T. equi was evaluated.
Abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus is the only tick species known to serve as a biological vector of Theileria equi for horses and other equids in Brazil. The protozoan T. equi is one of the causal agents of equine piroplasmosis, a major threat in horse breeding systems. Vector competence is closely linked to the pathogens’ ability to evade tick defense mechanisms. However, knowledge of tick immune response against infections by hemoparasites of the Theileria genus is scarce. In the present study, the expression of genes involved in immune signaling pathways of R. microplus adults’ guts when challenged with a high or low parasitic load of T. equi was evaluated. This research demonstrates divergences in the immune gene expression pattern linked to T. equi infection in R. microplus since the Toll, IMD, and JNK signaling pathways were transcriptionally repressed in the guts of adult ticks infected with T. equi. Moreover, the results showed that different infectious doses of T. equi induce differential gene expression of key components of immune signaling cascades in R. microplus gut, suggesting a link between the intensity of infection and the activation of tick immunity response. The present study adds knowledge to elucidate the gut immune signaling response of R. microplus to T. equi infection. In addition, the generated data can serve as a basis for further investigations to develop strategies for controlling and preventing equine piroplasmosis.
TL;DR: Tick and tick-borne diseases are responsible for enormous losses in animal and human life, which do not seem to become better as new data show surprising connections as mentioned in this paper , but do not become worse.
Abstract: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are responsible for enormous losses in animal and human life, which do not seem to become better as new data show surprising connections [...].
References
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Abstract: ▪ Abstract The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection. Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These receptors evolved to recognize conserved products of microbial metabolism produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host. Recognition of these molecular structures allows the immune system to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self. Toll-like receptors play a major role in pathogen recognition and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. Stimulation of Toll-like receptors by microbial products leads to the activation of signaling pathways that result in the induction of antimicrobial genes and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, stimulation of Toll-like receptors triggers dendritic cell maturation and results in the induction of costimulatory molecules and increased antigen-presenting capacity. Thus, microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses ...
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TL;DR: It is described that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, which degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria.
Abstract: Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. Here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. NETs are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. NETs appear to be a form of innate response that binds microorganisms, prevents them from spreading, and ensures a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria.
7,554 citations
TL;DR: This novel ROS-dependent death allows neutrophils to fulfill their antimicrobial function, even beyond their lifespan.
Abstract: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular structures composed of chromatin and granule proteins that bind and kill microorganisms. We show that upon stimulation, the nuclei of neutrophils lose their shape, and the eu- and heterochromatin homogenize. Later, the nuclear envelope and the granule membranes disintegrate, allowing the mixing of NET components. Finally, the NETs are released as the cell membrane breaks. This cell death process is distinct from apoptosis and necrosis and depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease carry mutations in NADPH oxidase and cannot activate this cell-death pathway or make NETs. This novel ROS-dependent death allows neutrophils to fulfill their antimicrobial function, even beyond their lifespan.
2,481 citations
TL;DR: Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data.
Abstract: Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses. Approximately 10% of the currently known 867 tick species act as vectors of a broad range of pathogens of domestic animals and humans and are also responsible for damage directly due to their feeding behaviour. The most important tick species and the effects they cause are listed. The impact on the global economy is considered to be high and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data. The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on animal production and public health and their control are discussed.
1,623 citations
TL;DR: Neutrophil elastase escapes azurophilic granules, translocates to the nucleus, and degrades histones to promote chromatin decondensation necessary for NET formation.
Abstract: Neutrophils release decondensed chromatin termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap and kill pathogens extracellularly. Reactive oxygen species are required to initiate NET formation but the downstream molecular mechanism is unknown. We show that upon activation, neutrophil elastase (NE) escapes from azurophilic granules and translocates to the nucleus, where it partially degrades specific histones, promoting chromatin decondensation. Subsequently, myeloperoxidase synergizes with NE in driving chromatin decondensation independent of its enzymatic activity. Accordingly, NE knockout mice do not form NETs in a pulmonary model of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, which suggests that this defect may contribute to the immune deficiency of these mice. This mechanism provides for a novel function for serine proteases and highly charged granular proteins in the regulation of chromatin density, and reveals that the oxidative burst induces a selective release of granular proteins into the cytoplasm through an unknown mechanism.
1,454 citations