Tissue-resident memory T cells
Haina Shin,Akiko Iwasaki +1 more
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TLDR
Different tissues in the body are categorized based on patterns of memory T‐cell migration and tissue residency, which describes the rules for TRM generation and the properties that distinguish them from circulating TEM and TCM cells.Abstract:
Tissues such as the genital tract, skin, and lung act as barriers against invading pathogens. To protect the host, incoming microbes must be quickly and efficiently controlled by the immune system at the portal of entry. Memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system, which confers long-term protection and is the basis for efficacious vaccines. While the majority of existing vaccines rely on circulating antibody for protection, struggles to develop antibody-based vaccines against infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have underscored the need to generate memory T cells for robust antiviral control. The circulating memory T-cell population is generally divided into two subsets: effector memory (TEM ) and central memory (TCM ). These two subsets can be distinguished by their localization, as TCM home to secondary lymphoid organs and TEM circulate through non-lymphoid tissues. More recently, studies have identified a third subset, called tissue-resident memory (TRM ) cells, based on its migratory properties. This subset is found in peripheral tissues that require expression of specific chemoattractants and homing receptors for T-cell recruitment and retention, including barrier sites such as the skin and genital tract. In this review, we categorize different tissues in the body based on patterns of memory T-cell migration and tissue residency. This review also describes the rules for TRM generation and the properties that distinguish them from circulating TEM and TCM cells. Finally, based on the failure of recent T-cell-based vaccines to provide optimal protection, we also discuss the potential role of TRM cells in vaccine design against microbes that invade through the peripheral tissues and highlight new vaccination strategies that take advantage of this newly described memory T-cell subset.read more
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Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system
Akiko Iwasaki,Ruslan Medzhitov +1 more
TL;DR: These emerging principles of innate control of adaptive immunity are discussed, which are variations on a common design principle wherein the cells that sense infections produce one set of cytokines to induce lymphocytes to produce another set ofinflammatory cytokines, which in turn activate effector responses.
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Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation
TL;DR: Progress is highlighted in the understanding of the diverse T lymphocyte subsets that provide acute and long-term protection from infection and challenges arise in the application of this knowledge to rationally elicit desired T cell responses through vaccination and immunotherapy.
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CD49a Expression Defines Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells Poised for Cytotoxic Function in Human Skin
Stanley Cheuk,Heinrich Schlums,Irène Gallais Sérézal,Irène Gallais Sérézal,Elisa Martini,Samuel C. C. Chiang,Nicole Marquardt,Anna Gibbs,Ebba Detlofsson,Andrea Introini,Marianne Forkel,Charlotte Höög,Annelie Tjernlund,Jakob Michaëlsson,Lasse Folkersen,Jenny Mjösberg,Lennart Blomqvist,Marcus Ehrström,Mona Ståhle,Mona Ståhle,Yenan T. Bryceson,Yenan T. Bryceson,Liv Eidsmo,Liv Eidsmo +23 more
TL;DR: Overall, CD49a expression delineates CD8+ Trm cell specialization in human epithelial barriers and correlates with the effector cell balance found in distinct inflammatory skin diseases.
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T cell responses to cytomegalovirus
Paul Klenerman,Annette Oxenius +1 more
TL;DR: The molecular triggers that promote memory inflation are discussed, the idea that memory inflation could be considered a natural pathway of T cell maturation that could be harnessed in vaccination is considered, and the broader implications of CMV infection and the T cell responses it elicits are discussed.
References
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Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
TL;DR: It is shown that expression of CCR7, a chemokine receptor that controls homing to secondary lymphoid organs, divides human memory T cells into two functionally distinct subsets, which are named central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM).
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TL;DR: It is established that S1P1 is essential for lymphocyte recirculation and that it regulates egress from both thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs.
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid
Sarah Spiegel,Sheldon Milstien +1 more
TL;DR: The evolutionarily conserved actions of the sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in yeast, plants and mammals have shown that it has important functions.