Tomato and salinity
TL;DR: The effects of salinity on tomato plant growth and fruit production, the cultural techniques which can be applied to alleviate the deleterious effects of salt, and the possibilities of breeding salt-tolerant tomatoes are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Scientia Horticulturae.The article was published on 1998-11-30. It has received 763 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Salinity & Soil salinity.
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TL;DR: It is argued that the ability of plant growth-promoting bacteria that produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase to lower plant ethylene levels, often a result of various stresses, is a key component in the efficacious functioning of these bacteria.
1,522 citations
TL;DR: In the presence of salt the bacterium increased the water use efficiency (WUE), which may suggest that the bacteriod act to alleviate the salt suppression of photosynthesis, however, the detailed mechanism was not elucidated.
1,119 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that with a combination of breeding and transgenic plants it could be possible to produce salt-tolerant crops with far fewer target traits than had been anticipated and the utility of such a modification in preserving the quality of the fruit.
Abstract: ++ antiport were able to grow, flower, and produce fruit in the presence of 200 mM sodium chloride. Although the leaves accumulated high sodium concentrations, the tomato fruit displayed very low sodium content. Contrary to the notion that multiple traits introduced by breeding into crop plants are needed to obtain salt-tolerant plants, the modification of a single trait significantly improved the salinity tolerance of this crop plant. These results demonstrate that with a combination of breeding and transgenic plants it could be possible to produce salt-tolerant crops with far fewer target traits than had been anticipated. The accumulation of sodium in the leaves and not in the fruit demonstrates the utility of such a modification in preserving the quality of the fruit. RESEARCH ARTICLE Agricultural productivity is severely affected by soil salinity, and the damaging effects of salt accumulation in agricultural soils have influenced ancient and modern civilizations. Much research is aimed toward the breeding of crop cultivars with improved salt tolerance. One school of thought has concluded that salt tolerance will be achieved only after pyramiding several characteristics in a single genotype, whereas each one alone could not confer a significant increase in salt tolerance 1,2 . Arguably, salt tolerance is a complex trait, and the long list of salt stress-responsive genes seems to support this 3 . However, the overexpression of a single gene recently was shown to improve salt tolerance in Arabidopsis 4 . The detrimental effects of salt on plants are a consequence of both a water deficit resulting in osmotic stress and the effects of excess sodium ions on key biochemical processes. To tolerate high levels of salts, plants should be able to use ions for osmotic adjustment and to internally distribute these ions to keep sodium away from the cytosol. The presence of large, acidic-inside, membranebound vacuoles in plant cells allows the efficient compartmentation of sodium into the vacuole through the operation of vacuolar Na
1,105 citations
Cites background from "Tomato and salinity"
...One school of thought has concluded that salt tolerance will be achieved only after pyramiding several characteristics in a single genotype, whereas each one alone could not confer a significant increase in salt toleranc...
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TL;DR: This review gives useful benchmark information for the development and prioritization of future research programmes and identifies certain lesser explored areas such as molecular and ultra-structural changes where further research is needed for better understanding of symbiosis with reference to salt stress.
885 citations
TL;DR: The findings, showing that the modification of a single trait significantly improved the salinity tolerance of this crop plant, suggest that with a combination of breeding and transgenic plants it could be possible to produce salt-tolerant crops with far fewer target traits than had been anticipated.
Abstract: Transgenic Brassica napus plants overexpressing AtNHX1, a vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiport from Arabidopsis thaliana, were able to grow, flower, and produce seeds in the presence of 200 mM sodium chloride. Although the transgenic plants grown in high salinity accumulated sodium up to 6% of their dry weight, growth of the these plants was only marginally affected by the high salt concentration. Moreover, seed yields and the seed oil quality were not affected by the high salinity of the soil. Our results demonstrate the potential use of these transgenic plants for agricultural use in saline soils. Our findings, showing that the modification of a single trait significantly improved the salinity tolerance of this crop plant, suggest that with a combination of breeding and transgenic plants it could be possible to produce salt-tolerant crops with far fewer target traits than had been anticipated.
645 citations
References
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TL;DR: An extensive literature review of all available salt tolerance data was undertaken to evaluate the current status of our knowledge of the salt tolerance of agricultural crops as mentioned in this paper, concluding that crops tolerate salinity up to a threshold level above which yields decrease approximately linearly as salt concentrations increase.
Abstract: An extensive literature review of all available salt tolerance data was undertaken to evaluate the current status of our knowledge of the salt tolerance of agricultural crops. In general, crops tolerate salinity up to a threshold level above which yields decrease approximately linearly as salt concentrations increase. Our best estimate of the threshold salinity level and yield decrease per unit salinity increase is presented for a large number of agricultural crops. The methods of measuring appropriate salinity and plant parameters to obtain meaningful salt tolerance data and the many plant, soil, water, and environmental factors influencing the plant's ability to tolerate salt are examined.
3,200 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that salts taken up by the plant do not directly control plant growth by affecting turgor, photosynthesis or the activity of any one enzyme, and rather, the build-up of salt in old leaves hasten their death, and the loss of these leaves affects the supply of assimilates or hormones to the growing regions and thereby affects growth.
Abstract: Recent progress in improving the salt tolerance of cultivated plants has been slow. Physiologists have been unable to define single genes or even specific metabolic processes that molecular biologists could target, or pinpoint the part of the plant in which such genes for salt tolerance might be expressed. While the physiological might be expressed. While the physiological processes are undoubtedly complex, faster progress on unraveling mechanisms of salt tolerance might be made if there were more effort to test hypotheses rather than to accumulate data, and to integrate cellular and whole plant responses. This article argues that salts taken up by the plant do not directly control plant growth by affecting turgor, photosynthesis or the activity of any one enzyme. Rather, the build-up of salt in old leaves hasten their death, and the loss of these leaves affects the supply of assimilates or hormones to the growing regions and thereby affects growth.
1,500 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of biosynthesis in Fungi, focusing on the role of xanthoxin in the biosynthetic pathway and its role in the regulation in plants.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 440 TECHNIQUES 440 Quantification of ABA . ...... . . ...... . 440 Separation of Sand R-Abscisic Acid 441 Stable Isotopes and Mass Spectrometry 442 Extraction and Quantification of Xanthoxin 442 METABOLISM 443 Biosynthesis in Fungi 443 Biosynthesis in Higher Plants 444 Catabolism . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..... . . . . . . . 453 Compartmentation 454 EFFECTS OF ABSCISIC ACID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Physiological Responses 456 Biochemical Responses..... . ...... . 461 CONCLUDING REMARKS 463
1,459 citations
TL;DR: Proline (Pro) accumulation has been correlated with tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in plants and overproduction of Pro in plants may lead to increased tolerance against these abiotic stresses, suggesting that activity of the first enzyme of the pathway is the rate-limiting factor in Pro synthesis.
Abstract: Proline (Pro) accumulation has been correlated with tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in plants. Therefore, overproduction of Pro in plants may lead to increased tolerance against these abiotic stresses. To test this possibility, we overexpressed in tobacco the mothbean [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme able to catalyze the conversion of glutamate to [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is then reduced to Pro. The transgenic plants produced a high level of the enzyme and synthesized 10- to 18-fold more Pro than control plants. These results suggest that activity of the first enzyme of the pathway is the rate-limiting factor in Pro synthesis. Exogenous supply of nitrogen further enhanced Pro production. The osmotic potentials of leaf sap from transgenic plants were less decreased under water-stress conditions compared to those of control plants. Overproduction of Pro also enhanced root biomass and flower development in transgenic plants under drought-stress conditions. These data demonstrated that Pro acts as an osmoprotectant and that overproduction of Pro results in the increased tolerance to osmotic stress in plants.
1,351 citations