Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the rat brain. I. Forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon).
01 Sep 1974-The Journal of Comparative Neurology (The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology)-Vol. 157, Iss: 1, pp 13-28
TL;DR: A detailed stereotaxic atlas of the catecholaminergic and acetylcholinesterase‐containing neural structures is presented.
Abstract: A complete stereotaxic neuroanatomical atlas of the rat hindbrain was prepared using transverse serial sections stained with Luxol fast blue and cresyl violet. Catecholamine-containing cell bodies and fiber terminals were identified by the histofluorescence method. The acetylcholinesterase distribution was histochemically localized. A detailed stereotaxic atlas of the catecholaminergic and acetylcholinesterase-containing structures is presented.
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate a widespread occurrence of 5-HT-positive nerve terminals throughout the central nervous system and the finding that serotonin-containing neurons are present in many nuclei that also include catecholamine- containing neurons makes it necessary to reconsider the terminology of the monoaminergic cell groups.
2,362 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the age-related changes of memory function as well as some of the behavioral disturbances seen in the dementia of Alzheimer's Disease may be related to pathological alterations along central cholinergic pathways.
2,280 citations
TL;DR: The organization of projections from the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain to neocortex and associated structures was investigated in the rhesus monkey with the help of horseradish peroxidase transport, acetyl‐cholinesterase histochemistry, and choline acetyltransferase immunohis‐tochemistry.
Abstract: The organization of projections from the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain to neocortex and associated structures was investigated in the rhesus monkey with the help of horseradish peroxidase transport, acetyl-cholinesterase histochemistry, and choline acetyltransferase immunohis-tochemistry. Four groups of neurons contained cholinergic perikarya and were designated as Chl-Ch4. The Ch1 group corresponds to the medial septal nucleus; about 10% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it provides a substantial projection to the hippocampus. The Ch2 group corresponds to the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band; at least 70% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it is the major source of innervation that the hippocampus and hypothalamus receive from the Chl-Ch4 complex. The Ch3 group most closely corresponds to the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band; only 1% of its neurons can definitely be shown to be cholinergic, and it is the major source of Chl-Ch4 projections to the olfactory bulb. The Ch4 group most closely corresponds to the nucleus basalis of Meynert; at least 90% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it has projections to widespread areas of cortex and to the amygdala. In fact, the Ch4 group provides the single major source of cholinergic innervation for the entire cortical surface. In this respect, it is analogous to the raphe nuclei and to the nucleus locus coeruleus, which constitute the major sources of widespread cortical serotonergic and nor-adrenergic innervation, respectively.
The extensive Ch4 group can be divided into several subdivisions. Each subdivision has a preferential set of targets for its projections even though the connection patterns contain considerable overlap. The anteromedial subdivision of Ch4 is the major source of cholinergic projections to areas on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres; the anterolateral Ch4 sub-division is the major source of cholinergic projections to frontoparietal op-ercular areas and to the amygdala; the intermediate Ch4 subdivision pro-vides the major cholinergic input for a variety of dorsal prefrontal, insular, posterior parietal, inferotemporal, and peristriate areas; and the posterior subdivision of Ch4 provides the major cholinergic innervation of superior temporal and immediately adjacent areas.
The basal forebrain in the human contains a cytoarchitechture analogous to that of the monkey. The Ch4 group (nucleus basalis) of the human is very extensive and can be subdivided into the same components that were identfied in the monkey brain. Pathological changes in Ch4 neurons have been described in a variety of human disease. In Alzheimer's disease, the relatively selective depression of neocortical cholinergic innervation may be closely associated with the neuronal loss in Ch4, which has also been described inthis condition.
In the rhesus monkey, all types of cortical areas receive substantial projections from the hippocampus. Virtually all of this hypothalamic input into neocortex arises from acetylcholinesterase-rich neurons which lack choline acetyltransferase. The hypothalamocortical pathway is therefore acetylcholinesterase-rich but not cholinergic.
1,866 citations
TL;DR: In the ventral part of the midbrain, essentially separate groups of aminergic and non-aminergic neurons in both the reticular formation (VTA) and in the adjacent nuclei of the raphe project bilaterally to a variety of similar terminal fields in the telencephalon, diencephal on, and brainstem.
1,693 citations
TL;DR: The origin, termination, and length of axonal growth after focal central nervous system injury was examined in adult rats by means of a new experimental model and the regenerative potential of these central neurons seems to be expressed when the central nervous System glial environment is changed to that of the peripheral nervous system.
Abstract: The origin, termination, and length of axonal growth after focal central nervous system injury was examined in adult rats by means of a new experimental model. When peripheral nerve segments were used as "bridges" between the medulla and spinal cord, axons from neurons at both these levels grew approximately 30 millimeters. The regenerative potential of these central neurons seems to be expressed when the central nervous system glial environment is changed to that of the peripheral nervous system.
1,665 citations
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01 Jan 1986
4,055 citations
TL;DR: The ascending monoamine pathways in the rat brain are demonstrated by the pile up of fluorescent material occurring in the axons after various types of lesions, indicating a unique role for the locus coeruleus in influencing the activity of the entire brain.
Abstract: The ascending monoamine pathways in the rat brain are demonstrated by the pile up of fluorescent material occurring in the axons after various types of lesions. The anatomy of the pathways is outlined in drawings of frontal sections of the brain and the origin and termination of several pathways is determined by studying the anterograde and retrograde degeneration occurring after well localised lesions. It is possible to separate the ascending NA pathways into a dorsal and a ventral bundle of axons. The dorsal bundle innervates the cortex and the hippocampus and the ventral bundle supplies NA nerve terminals to the medulla, the pons, the mesencephalon and the diencephalon. The dorsal bundle is found to originate in the locus coeruleus. Lesions of this nucleus abolish the nerve terminals in all cortical areas and in several other areas of the brain indicating a unique role for the locus coeruleus in influencing the activity of the entire brain. The 5-HT pathways have a distribution similar to the ventral NA pathyway. The course of the nigro-striatal and the meso-limbic DA pathways is presented in detail.
3,758 citations
TL;DR: The chest walls of rabbits exposed to steep-fronted air shock waves of short duration produced by 50 g spherical charges of TNT were recorded by means of a mechano-electric motion transducer to study the correlation between the deformations of the chest and the damage inflicted to the underlying organs, especially the lungs.
Abstract: The movements of the chest walls of rabbits exposed to steep-fronted air shock waves of short duration produced by 50 g spherical charges of TNT were recorded by means of a mechano-electric motion transducer originally developed for this investigation. The main purpose has been to study the correlation between the deformations of the chest and the damage inflicted to the underlying organs, especially the lungs. The motion parameters, amplitude, velocity and acceleration of the chest wall, were correlated to the physical characteristics of the shock wave as well as to the lung injury produced. The lung injuries were found to be highly correlated to the impulse of the incident shock wave, and also, although to a lesser degree, to the maximum overpressure of the shock wave, and to the velocity and acceleration acquired by the chest wall. The correlation of the lung injuries to the maximum amplitude of the inward displacement of the chest wall, on the other hand, was found to be much lower or even uncertain. The following critical values of the motion parameters were established. If the chest wall receives an impulse load of such a strength and duration that an inward relative movement results with a velocity of more than 15 m se& attained within a period of time of 150–200 ps, i. e. involving accelerations of the order of 104g, there is a high probability that a severe lung injury will result. Corresponding maxi mum amplitudes of the displacement of the chest wall were 5 to 7 mm. The lower limit of effective reflection pressures and impulses causing severe lung injuries were 10 bar and 1.5 gf sec cm-2, respectively. The biomechanical events occurring in the exposed chest are discussed in some detail.
2,714 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied under mild conditions and it has been shown that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble.
Abstract: The reaction under mild conditions between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied. When the amines included in a dried protein film were exposed to formaldehyde vapour a very intense green to yellow fluorescence was give only by those that as well as being primary amines also have hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, noradrenaline). The 3-OH group seems to be esssential for the reaction. The catechol amines, which are secondary amines (adrenaline, epinine), gave a much weaker fluorescence that developed more slowly.The results obtained on further examination of the reaction favour the view that the amines primarily condense with formaldehyde to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines which are involved in a secondary reaction to become highly fluorescent and at the same time insoluble. This secondary reaction may be a binding to protein, and oxidation with the formation of double bonds in the heterocyclic ring, or both.
2,583 citations