Total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
TL;DR: In this paper, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform crude extract of leaves and barks of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza were investigated.
Abstract: In the present work, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform crude extract of leaves and barks of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza were investigated. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts were evaluated using the enzymatic and non enzymatic methods namely superoxide dismutase determination, reducing power assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil free radical scavenging assays. Folin-ciocalteu reagent method was used to estimate the amount of total phenolic compounds of the extracts. Ethanol extract of barks showed the best result in all antioxidant assays which was positively co-related with the total phenolic contents. There was no significant difference between the IC 50 value of ethanol extract of bark and the ascorbic acid. Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were used as the test pathogenic bacteria in this study. Both ethanol and methanol extracts could inhibit the growth of all pathogenic bacteria while chloroform extract of leaves showed no activity against any bacteria. Antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract of barks was higher than all other extracts.
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TL;DR: The biochemical features and biological function of dietary phenols, which are widespread in the plant kingdom, have been described in the present review and their potential for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products is illustrated.
Abstract: The biochemical features and biological function of dietary phenols, which are widespread in the plant kingdom, have been described in the present review. The ways of phenols classification, which were collected from literature based on structural and biochemical characteristics with description of source and possible effects on human, organisms and environment have been presented. The bioactivities of phenolic compounds described in literature are reviewed to illustrate their potential for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products.
105 citations
Cites background from "Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..."
...(Ghasemi et al., 2011; Haq et al., 2011)....
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...Phenolic substances also serve as protectants against bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus areus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Bacillus cereus and Esherishia coli) Oksana et al. 2527 (Ghasemi et al., 2011; Haq et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the morphological characteristics, ethnobotany, global distribution, taxonomy, ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological activities of traditionally used mangroves.
Abstract: Mangroves are ecologically important plants in marine habitats that occupy the coastlines of many countries. In addition to their key ecological importance, various parts of mangroves are widely used in folklore medicine and claimed to effectively manage a panoply of human pathologies. To date, no comprehensive attempt has been made to compile and critically analyze the published literature in light of its ethnopharmacological uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the morphological characteristics, ethnobotany, global distribution, taxonomy, ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological activities of traditionally used mangroves. Out of 84 mangrove species, only 27 species were found to be traditionally used, however not all of them are pharmacologically validated. The most common pharmacological activities reported were antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. Mangroves traditionally reported against ulcers have not been extensively validated for possible pharmacological properties. Terpenoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were the main classes of phytochemicals isolated from mangroves. Given that mangroves have huge potential for a wide array of medicinal products and drug discovery to prevent and treat many diseases, there is a dire need for careful investigations substantiated with accurate scientific and clinical evidence to ensure safety and efficient use of these plants and validate their pharmacological properties and toxicity.
82 citations
Cites background from "Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..."
...In Malaysia, the local people used its stem as a remedy for viral fever [83]....
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...Selangor, Malaysia St Burns, intestinal worms, liver disorders [83]...
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...[83] L Me Antimicrobial (In vitro) Zone of inhibition (mm) against BC, SA, EC, and PA are 12....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the antioxidant potential of mangrove plants with its specific role under salt stress as well as the progress made so far in evaluation of antioxidant activities of different manglove species is presented.
Abstract: Free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated in our body by normal cellular metabolism which is enhanced under stress conditions. The most vulnerable biological targets of free radicals are cell structures including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Since antioxidants synthesized in the body are not sufficient under oxidative stress, their exogenous supply is important to prevent the body from free radical-induced injury. Recent researches have shown that antioxidants of plant origin with free radical scavenging property could have great importance as therapeutic agents in management of oxidative stress. Mangrove plants growing in inhospitable environment of the intertidal regions of land and sea in tropics and sub-tropics are equipped with very efficient free radical scavenging system to withstand the variety of stress conditions. These mangrove plants possess variety of phytochemical and are rich in phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, anthocyanins, coumarins, lignans, catechins, isocatechins, etc., which served as source of antioxidants. Isolation and identification of these antioxidant compounds offer great potential for their pharmaceutical exploitations. However, no comprehensive literature is available on antioxidants’ studies in mangrove plants in particular. Hence, the present review discusses the antioxidant potential of mangrove plants with its specific role under salt stress as well as the progress made so far in evaluation of antioxidant activities of different mangrove species.
71 citations
Cites background or methods from "Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..."
...The antioxidant activity of the crude methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform extracts of leaves and barks of B. gymnorrhiza was evaluated using the enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods namely SOD determination, reducing power assay and DPPH assay (Haq et al. 2011)....
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...…astringent and also for curing malaria; fruit are also used as astringent; treatment of eye disease and as fish poison etc. Banerjee et al. (2008), Haq et al. (2011) Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Bl. Kakandan (Hindi), Vurada (Telugu) Leaf, stem/ bark Leaves are used as cure for hepatitis; it is a…...
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TL;DR: Box-Behnken design including independent variables such as extraction temperature, extraction time and ratio of water to raw material was used to optimize the extraction process of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza polysaccharides and BGPs demonstrated appreciable antioxidant potential on superoxide anion radical, ABTS radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging.
68 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was related to optimum extract of mangrove leaf and ethanolic extract respectively, and the model was sufficiently accurate.
28 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional, and suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.
Abstract: Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.
4,663 citations
"Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..." refers background in this paper
...…properties, such as anti-allergenic, antiartherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects (Benavente-Garcia et al., 1997; Manach et al., 2005; Middleton et al., 2000; PuupponenPimiä et al,. 2001; Samman and Cook 1998)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a 40-sample/hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts, and compared with small-volume manual and semi-automated versions of this analysis.
Abstract: A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
3,527 citations
"Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..." refers methods in this paper
...Total phenolic content evaluation A protocol based on the Folin-ciocalteau method described by Slinkard and Singleton (1977) was employed to determine the total amount of present phenolic compounds in various extracts of B. gymnorrhiza leaves and barks....
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TL;DR: The antioxidant capacity of any flavonoid will be determined by a combination of the O-dihydroxy structure in the B-ring, the 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a 4-oxo function and the presence of both hydroxyl groups in positions 3 and 5.
Abstract: Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of polyphenolic compounds with health-related properties, which are based in their antioxidant activity. These properties have been found to include anticancer, antiviral, antiinflammatory activities, effects on capillary fragility, and an ability to inhibit human platelet aggregation. The antioxidant capacity of any flavonoid will be determined by a combination of the O-dihydroxy structure in the B-ring, the 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a 4-oxo function and the presence of both hydroxyl groups in positions 3 and 5. Flavanones, flavones, and flavonols are the flavonoids present in Citrus, and although flavones and flavonols have been found in low concentrations in Citrus tissues, in relationship to flavanones, these types of compounds have been show to be powerful antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Some Citrus flavonoids can be used directly as repellents or toxins or be used in plant improvement programs to obtain more resistant crops. In addition, ...
952 citations
"Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..." refers background in this paper
...…properties, such as anti-allergenic, antiartherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects (Benavente-Garcia et al., 1997; Manach et al., 2005; Middleton et al., 2000; PuupponenPimiä et al,. 2001; Samman and Cook 1998)....
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TL;DR: To investigate the antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds present in Finnish berries against probiotic bacteria and other intestinal bacteria, including pathogenic species.
Abstract: Aims: To investigate the antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds present in Finnish berries against probiotic bacteria and other intestinal bacteria, including pathogenic species.
Methods and Results: Antimicrobial activity of pure phenolic compounds representing flavonoids and phenolic acids, and eight extracts from common Finnish berries, was measured against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, including probiotic bacteria and the intestinal pathogen Salmonella. Antimicrobial activity was screened by an agar diffusion method and bacterial growth was measured in liquid culture as a more accurate assay. Myricetin inhibited the growth of all lactic acid bacteria derived from the human gastrointestinal tract flora but it did not affect the Salmonella strain. In general, berry extracts inhibited the growth of Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. These variations may reflect differences in cell surface structures between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Cloudberry, raspberry and strawberry extracts were strong inhibitors of Salmonella. Sea buckthorn berry and blackcurrant showed the least activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Conclusions: Different bacterial species exhibit different sensitivities towards phenolics.
Significance and Impact of the Study: These properties can be utilized in functional food development and in food preservative purposes.
950 citations
"Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..." refers methods in this paper
...The assay protocol was obtained from Rafat et al. (2010b). Each plant extract (975 μl) at concentration of 5 mg/ml was added to DPPH* (25 μl) at concentration of 8 mg/ml....
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TL;DR: Methanol and water crude extracts from Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) were investigated for their antioxidant capacity in three different assays, namely, β-carotene and linoleic acid system, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of hemolysis of rat erythrocyte induced by peroxyl radicals.
914 citations
"Total phenolic contents, antioxidan..." refers background in this paper
...Cheung et al. (2003) also reported that methanol can extract the highest amount of phenolic compounds compare to petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water from both their examined samples, lentinus edodes and Volvariella volvacea....
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