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Journal ArticleDOI

Toward a smart grid: power delivery for the 21st century

12 Sep 2005-IEEE Power & Energy Magazine (IEEE)-Vol. 3, Iss: 5, pp 34-41
TL;DR: The security, agility, and robustness/survivability of a large-scale power delivery infrastructure that faces new threats and unanticipated conditions is presented.
Abstract: In this article, we present the security, agility, and robustness/survivability of a large-scale power delivery infrastructure that faces new threats and unanticipated conditions. By way of background, we present a brief overview of the past work on the challenges faced in online parameter estimation and real-time adaptive control of a damaged F-15 aircraft. This work, in part, provided the inspiration and laid the foundation in the 1990s for the flight testing of a fast parameter estimation/modeling and reconfigurable aircraft control system that allowed the F-15 to become self-healing in the face of damaged equipment.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The electrical power industry is undergoing rapid change as discussed by the authors, and the major drivers that will determine the speed at which such transformations will occur will be the rising cost of energy, the mass electrification of everyday life, and climate change.
Abstract: Exciting yet challenging times lie ahead. The electrical power industry is undergoing rapid change. The rising cost of energy, the mass electrification of everyday life, and climate change are the major drivers that will determine the speed at which such transformations will occur. Regardless of how quickly various utilities embrace smart grid concepts, technologies, and systems, they all agree onthe inevitability of this massive transformation. It is a move that will not only affect their business processes but also their organization and technologies.

2,906 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is envisioned in the future smart grid.
Abstract: Most of the existing demand-side management programs focus primarily on the interactions between a utility company and its customers/users. In this paper, we present an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is envisioned in the future smart grid. We use game theory and formulate an energy consumption scheduling game, where the players are the users and their strategies are the daily schedules of their household appliances and loads. It is assumed that the utility company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs that differentiate the energy usage in time and level. We show that for a common scenario, with a single utility company serving multiple customers, the global optimal performance in terms of minimizing the energy costs is achieved at the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy consumption scheduling game. The proposed distributed demand-side energy management strategy requires each user to simply apply its best response strategy to the current total load and tariffs in the power distribution system. The users can maintain privacy and do not need to reveal the details on their energy consumption schedules to other users. We also show that users will have the incentives to participate in the energy consumption scheduling game and subscribing to such services. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the total energy demand, the total energy costs, as well as each user's individual daily electricity charges.

2,715 citations


Cites background from "Toward a smart grid: power delivery..."

  • ...Due to the recent advancements in smart grid technologies [21]–[24], the interactions between users do not have to be manual, but can be automatic through two-way digital communication....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of demand response potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented, with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, etc.
Abstract: The smart grid is conceived of as an electric grid that can deliver electricity in a controlled, smart way from points of generation to active consumers. Demand response (DR), by promoting the interaction and responsiveness of the customers, may offer a broad range of potential benefits on system operation and expansion and on market efficiency. Moreover, by improving the reliability of the power system and, in the long term, lowering peak demand, DR reduces overall plant and capital cost investments and postpones the need for network upgrades. In this paper a survey of DR potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented. Innovative enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, decisive to facilitate the coordination of efficiency and DR in a smart grid, are described and discussed with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects.

1,901 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive experimental study on the statistical characterization of the wireless channel in different electric-power-system environments, including a 500-kV substation, an industrial power control room, and an underground network transformer vault is presented.
Abstract: The collaborative and low-cost nature of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) brings significant advantages over traditional communication technologies used in today's electric power systems. Recently, WSNs have been widely recognized as a promising technology that can enhance various aspects of today's electric power systems, including generation, delivery, and utilization, making them a vital component of the next-generation electric power system, the smart grid. However, harsh and complex electric-power-system environments pose great challenges in the reliability of WSN communications in smart-grid applications. This paper starts with an overview of the application of WSNs for electric power systems along with their opportunities and challenges and opens up future work in many unexploited research areas in diverse smart-grid applications. Then, it presents a comprehensive experimental study on the statistical characterization of the wireless channel in different electric-power-system environments, including a 500-kV substation, an industrial power control room, and an underground network transformer vault. Field tests have been performed on IEEE 802.15.4-compliant wireless sensor nodes in real-world power delivery and distribution systems to measure background noise, channel characteristics, and attenuation in the 2.4-GHz frequency band. Overall, the empirical measurements and experimental results provide valuable insights about IEEE 802.15.4-compliant sensor network platforms and guide design decisions and tradeoffs for WSN-based smart-grid applications.

1,255 citations


Cites background from "Toward a smart grid: power delivery..."

  • ...The smart grid is a modern electric power-grid infrastructure for improved efficiency, reliability, and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources, through automated control and modern communication technologies [ 2 ], [5]....

    [...]

01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, it is expected that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission.
Abstract: A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

1,036 citations


Cites background from "Toward a smart grid: power delivery..."

  • ...of new smart grid components and the convergence of existing information and control technologies applied in the legacy power grid, it can offer sustainable operations to both utilities and customers [5]....

    [...]

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The goal of the 5-year, $30 million effort, is to develop new tools and techniques that will enable large national infrastructures to self-heal in response to threats, material failures, and other destabilizers.
Abstract: Virtually every crucial economic and social function depends on the secure, reliable operation of energy, telecommunications, transportation, financial, and other infrastructures. However, with increased benefit has come increased risk. As they have grown more complex to handle a variety of demands, these infrastructures have become more interdependent. This strong interdependence means that an action in one part of one infrastructure network can rapidly create global effects by cascading throughout the same network and even into other networks. Moreover, interdependence is only one of several characteristics that challenge the control and reliable operation of these networks. These characteristics, in turn, present unique challenges in modeling, prediction, simulation, cause-and-effect relationships, analysis, optimization, and control. Deregulation and economic factors and policies and human performance also affect these networks. The Complex Interactive Networks/Systems Initiative (GIN/SI) is a joint program by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the US Department of Defense (DOD) that is addressing many of these issues. The goal of the 5-year, $30 million effort, which is part of the Government-Industry Collaborative University Research (GICUR) program, is to develop new tools and techniques that will enable large national infrastructures to self-heal in response to threats, material failures, and other destabilizers. Of particular interest is how to model enterprises at the appropriate level of complexity in critical infrastructure systems.

312 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A joint industry-government initiative is developing a mathematical basis and practical tools for improving the security, performance, reliability and robustness of energy, financial, telecommunications and transportation networks.
Abstract: A joint industry-government initiative is developing a mathematical basis and practical tools for improving the security, performance, reliability and robustness of energy, financial, telecommunications and transportation networks. The first challenges are to develop appropriate models for this degree of complexity and to create tools that let components adaptively reconfigure the network as needed.

133 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on future concepts in power system protection, communication, wide area measurement systems (WAMS), system control, and electricity market considerations, adding a summary of their own research in associated studies and their assessment of future investigations, their aim is to provide a blueprint for a secure power system infrastructure.
Abstract: There have been several key developments that make it conceivable that it would soon be possible to reduce the frequency and intensity of interconnected power system failures. System protection is one of the technologies undergoing radical changes that holds a strong promise that cascading system outages can be mitigated or even eliminated. The increasing use of digital relays that will allow the implementation of exciting new concepts has made this a strong possibility. In this article, we report on future concepts in power system protection, communication, wide area measurement systems (WAMS), system control, and electricity market considerations, Adding a summary of our own research in associated studies and our assessment of future investigations, our aim is to provide a blueprint for a secure power system infrastructure.

91 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a location-dependent approach based on the characteristics of the existing power system and nature of the load at each specific site to determine optimal solutions to digital end users' security, quality, reliability, and availability (SQRA) requirements.
Abstract: The digital revolution of the past few decades has increased the demand for electric power with higher reliability and quality than is typically delivered via the conventional centralized power system As modern economies move into the 21st century, this requirement for high security, quality, reliability, and availability (SQRA) of an electric power supply will increase as more manufacturing processes and service industries become dependent on digital devices In the future, all power users, whether they are commercial, industrial, or residential, are expected to demand more reliability from the electric power-delivery system than ever before The future of the power industry will require the continued development and integration of two infrastructures, not just one: both power delivery and communications Significant investments in the bulk-supply system and customer-side equipment will be needed to determine optimal solutions to digital end users' SQRA requirements, but it is not clear at this stage what balance of investment in the supply side versus the customer side is required to most cost effectively meet the needs of the growing digital-power market The ideal approach will be location dependent, based on the characteristics of the existing power system and nature of the load at each specific site Only through collaboration can the resources and commitment be marshaled to reach these goals

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of grid-enabled systems to interact autonomously is vital for small generators where manned operation is likely to be viable and the ability to monitor the output of embedded generators to be monitored and controlled is vital.
Abstract: This article discusses the potential benefits of grid computing for future power networks. It is also intended to alert the power system community to the concept of grid computing and to initiate a discussion of its potential applications in future power systems. Much like the Web, the grid can operate over the Internet or any other suitable computer networking technology. Grid computing offers an inexpensive and efficient means for participants to compete (but also cooperate) in providing reliable, cheap, and sustainable electrical energy supply. It also provides a relatively inexpensive new technology allowing the output of embedded generators to be monitored and, when necessary, controlled. Basically, the ability of grid-enabled systems to interact autonomously is vital for small generators where manned operation is likely to be viable.

57 citations