Toward a social psychology of globalization
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the questions of how people make sense of and respond to globalization and its sociocultural ramifications; how people defend the integrity of their heritage cultural identities against the "culturally erosive" effects of globalization, and how individuals harness creative insights from their interactions with global cultures.
Abstract: In most parts of the world, globalization has become an unstoppable and potent force that impacts everyday life and international relations. The articles in this issue draw on theoretical insights from diverse perspectives (clinical psychology, consumer research, organizational behavior, political psychology, and cultural psychology) to offer nuanced understanding of individuals’ psychological reactions to globalization in different parts of the world (Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, Mainland China, Singapore, Switzerland, United States, Taiwan). These articles address the questions of how people make sense of and respond to globalization and its sociocultural ramifications; how people defend the integrity of their heritage cultural identities against the “culturally erosive” effects of globalization, and how individuals harness creative insights from their interactions with global cultures. The new theoretical insights and revealing empirical analyses presented in this issue set the stage for an emergent interdisciplinary inquiry into the psychology of globalization.
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490 citations
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01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: It is argued that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols, such as commercial brands, can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture.
Abstract: This research argues that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols, such as commercial brands, can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture. We conducted four studies to examine how the symbolic and expressive attributes associated with commercial brands are structured, and determine the degree to which this structure varies across three cultures. Relying on a combined emic-etic approach, we identified indigenous constructs of `brand personality' (Aaker, 1997) in two non-Anglo cultures (Japan and Spain), and compared these dimensions to those previously found in the United States. The results of Studies 1 and 2 revealed a set of brand personality dimensions common to both Japan and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, and Sophistication), as well as culture-specific Japanese (Peacefulness) and American (Ruggedness) dimensions. Studies 3 and 4 extended this set of findings to Spain. Results from these studies also identified brand personality dimensions common to both Spain and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, and Sophistication), plus non-shared Spanish (Passion) and American (Competence and Ruggedness) dimensions. The meaning of the culturally-common and -specific brand personality dimensions is discussed in the context of cross-cultural research on values and affect, globalization issues, and cultural frame shifting.
440 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that cultural intelligence is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities and tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers.
Abstract: Emphasizing the importance of cross-border effectiveness in the contemporary globalized world, we propose that cultural intelligence—the leadership capability to manage effectively in culturally diverse settings—is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities. We tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers with both domestic and cross-border leadership responsibilities. Results supported our predictions: (1) general intelligence predicted both domestic and cross-border leadership effectiveness; (2) emotional intelligence was a stronger predictor of domestic leadership effectiveness, and (3) cultural intelligence was a stronger predictor of cross-border leadership effectiveness. Overall, results show the value of cultural intelligence as a critical leadership competency in today's globalized world.
289 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review outlines three broad and intertwined themes as the field continues to develop a fuller understanding of ageism: studying both positive and negative aspects of ageisms, taking a lifespan focus, and integrating the study of the ageism with aging.
Abstract: Almost 50 years ago, ageism (negative attitudes toward older adults) was introduced as a significant social issue. Since then, the worldwide population of adults ages 60 and over has rapidly become the fastest growing age group, making the study of ageism an even more pressing social issue. This review outlines three broad and intertwined themes as the field continues to develop a fuller understanding of ageism: studying both positive and negative aspects of ageism, taking a lifespan focus, and integrating the study of ageism with the study of aging. The review also focuses on several timely subthemes such as the need and benefits of expanding measures of ageism and intervening variables, expanding the diversity of study samples, expanding the research methodologies, and expanding the contexts under study toward greater cross-cultural and within-culture investigations. This review and the international, interdisciplinary research showcased in this special issue are intended to set the stage for the next wave of international research on ageism across the lifecycle and of effective interventions and public policies supporting older adults and positive intergenerational relations.
137 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is argued that most people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity that combines their local identity with an identity linked to the global culture.
Abstract: The influence of globalization on psychological functioning is examined. First, descriptions of how globalization is occurring in various world regions are presented. Then the psychological consequences of globalization are described, with a focus on identity issues. Specifically, it is argued that most people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity that combines their local identity with an identity linked to the global culture; that identity confusion may be increasing among young people in non-Western cultures as a result of globalization; that some people join self-selected cultures to maintain an identity that is separate from the global culture; and that a period of emerging adulthood increasingly extends identity explorations beyond adolescence, through the mid- to late twenties.
1,189 citations
"Toward a social psychology of globa..." refers background in this paper
...The seeming apathy over globalization in psychology is unfortunate given that the discipline is well positioned to offer new conceptual and empirical perspectives on issues concerning the social and cultural implications of globalization (Arnett, 2002; Chiu & Cheng, 2007; Hermans & Dimaggio, 2007)....
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...empirical perspectives on issues concerning the social and cultural implications of globalization (Arnett, 2002; Chiu & Cheng, 2007; Hermans & Dimaggio, 2007)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols such as commercial brands can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture, and they conducted four studies to examine how symbolic and expressive attributes associated with commercial brands are structured and how this structure varies across three cultures.
Abstract: This research argues that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols, such as commercial brands, can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture. Relying on a combined emic-etic approach, the authors conducted 4 studies to examine how symbolic and expressive attributes associated with commercial brands are structured and how this structure varies across 3 cultures. Studies 1 and 2 revealed a set of "brand personality" dimensions common to both Japan and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, and Sophistication), as well as culture-specific Japanese (Peacefulness) and American (Ruggedness) dimensions. Studied 3 and 4, which extended this set of findings to Spain, yielded brand personality dimensions common to both Spain and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, and Sophistication), plus nonshared Spanish (Passion) and American (Competence and Ruggedness) dimensions. The meaning of these brand personality dimensions is discussed in the context of cross-cultural research on values and affect, globalization issues, and cultural frame shifting.
781 citations
TL;DR: The research reported in this article is the first to empirically demonstrate that exposure to multiple cultures in and of itself can enhance creativity.
Abstract: Many practices aimed at cultivating multicultural competence in educational and organizational settings (e.g., exchange programs, diversity education in college, diversity management at work) assume that multicultural experience fosters creativity. In line with this assumption, the research reported in this article is the first to empirically demonstrate that exposure to multiple cultures in and of itself can enhance creativity. Overall, the authors found that extensiveness of multicultural experiences was positively related to both creative performance (insight learning, remote association, and idea generation) and creativity-supporting cognitive processes (retrieval of unconventional knowledge, recruitment of ideas from unfamiliar cultures for creative idea expansion). Furthermore, their studies showed that the serendipitous creative benefits resulting from multicultural experiences may depend on the extent to which individuals open themselves to foreign cultures, and that creativity is facilitated in contexts that deemphasize the need for firm answers or existential concerns. The authors discuss the implications of their findings for promoting creativity in increasingly global learning and work environments.
708 citations
"Toward a social psychology of globa..." refers background in this paper
...There is also evidence that cultural adaptation and open-mindedness facilitate intercultural learning in intercultural contacts (Leung et al., 2008; Maddux & Galinsky, 2009)....
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...Although intercultural contacts might increase the likelihood of exclusionary reactions to foreign culture and a globalized lifestyle, they also afford opportunities for intercultural understanding and learning (Leung et al., 2008)....
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...With more multicultural experiences individuals are more creative (Leung et al., 2008; Maddux & Galinsky, 2009)....
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Book•
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01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Barber as discussed by the authors argued that the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 have truly transformed the world order, but they have hardly effected the ideological approaches of the right and left political parties of the United States.
Abstract: Beyond
If the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 have truly transformed the world order, they have, by the same token, hardly effected the ideological approaches of the right and left political parties of the United States. However, American politics should, in subscribing to the principles of Realpolitik as they are traditionally understood, take some lessons from this event in order to benefit from an approach which would make the question of democracy the principal foundation of all US foreign policy. Following his reflections concerning the necessity of promoting democracy as the means to fight against the detrimental effects of globalization and fundamentalism, Benjamin R. Barber gives us the basis of what a foreign policy based on a new democratic realism should be.
628 citations