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Journal ArticleDOI

Toward a social psychology of globalization

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the questions of how people make sense of and respond to globalization and its sociocultural ramifications; how people defend the integrity of their heritage cultural identities against the "culturally erosive" effects of globalization, and how individuals harness creative insights from their interactions with global cultures.
Abstract: In most parts of the world, globalization has become an unstoppable and potent force that impacts everyday life and international relations. The articles in this issue draw on theoretical insights from diverse perspectives (clinical psychology, consumer research, organizational behavior, political psychology, and cultural psychology) to offer nuanced understanding of individuals’ psychological reactions to globalization in different parts of the world (Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, Mainland China, Singapore, Switzerland, United States, Taiwan). These articles address the questions of how people make sense of and respond to globalization and its sociocultural ramifications; how people defend the integrity of their heritage cultural identities against the “culturally erosive” effects of globalization, and how individuals harness creative insights from their interactions with global cultures. The new theoretical insights and revealing empirical analyses presented in this issue set the stage for an emergent interdisciplinary inquiry into the psychology of globalization.
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1994

693 citations

Posted Content
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: It is argued that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols, such as commercial brands, can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture.
Abstract: This research argues that the meaning embedded in consumption symbols, such as commercial brands, can serve to represent and institutionalize the values and beliefs of a culture. We conducted four studies to examine how the symbolic and expressive attributes associated with commercial brands are structured, and determine the degree to which this structure varies across three cultures. Relying on a combined emic-etic approach, we identified indigenous constructs of `brand personality' (Aaker, 1997) in two non-Anglo cultures (Japan and Spain), and compared these dimensions to those previously found in the United States. The results of Studies 1 and 2 revealed a set of brand personality dimensions common to both Japan and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, and Sophistication), as well as culture-specific Japanese (Peacefulness) and American (Ruggedness) dimensions. Studies 3 and 4 extended this set of findings to Spain. Results from these studies also identified brand personality dimensions common to both Spain and the United States (Sincerity, Excitement, and Sophistication), plus non-shared Spanish (Passion) and American (Competence and Ruggedness) dimensions. The meaning of the culturally-common and -specific brand personality dimensions is discussed in the context of cross-cultural research on values and affect, globalization issues, and cultural frame shifting.

440 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that cultural intelligence is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities and tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers.
Abstract: Emphasizing the importance of cross-border effectiveness in the contemporary globalized world, we propose that cultural intelligence—the leadership capability to manage effectively in culturally diverse settings—is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities. We tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers with both domestic and cross-border leadership responsibilities. Results supported our predictions: (1) general intelligence predicted both domestic and cross-border leadership effectiveness; (2) emotional intelligence was a stronger predictor of domestic leadership effectiveness, and (3) cultural intelligence was a stronger predictor of cross-border leadership effectiveness. Overall, results show the value of cultural intelligence as a critical leadership competency in today's globalized world.

289 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review outlines three broad and intertwined themes as the field continues to develop a fuller understanding of ageism: studying both positive and negative aspects of ageisms, taking a lifespan focus, and integrating the study of the ageism with aging.
Abstract: Almost 50 years ago, ageism (negative attitudes toward older adults) was introduced as a significant social issue. Since then, the worldwide population of adults ages 60 and over has rapidly become the fastest growing age group, making the study of ageism an even more pressing social issue. This review outlines three broad and intertwined themes as the field continues to develop a fuller understanding of ageism: studying both positive and negative aspects of ageism, taking a lifespan focus, and integrating the study of ageism with the study of aging. The review also focuses on several timely subthemes such as the need and benefits of expanding measures of ageism and intervening variables, expanding the diversity of study samples, expanding the research methodologies, and expanding the contexts under study toward greater cross-cultural and within-culture investigations. This review and the international, interdisciplinary research showcased in this special issue are intended to set the stage for the next wave of international research on ageism across the lifecycle and of effective interventions and public policies supporting older adults and positive intergenerational relations.

137 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that exposure to multicultural experiences is positively related to the likelihood of engaging in some creativity-supporting processes, such as the generation of unconventional ideas and receptiveness to ideas originated from foreign cultures.
Abstract: Inspired by recent advances in creative cognition research, the authors examined in the current research some creative benefits of multicultural experiences. Study 1 showed that European American undergraduates had better creative performance immediately after being exposed to American and Chinese cultures or to a hybrid culture formed by fusing American and Chinese cultures; this effect was also observed 5 to 7 days after the initial exposure. Studies 2 and 3 showed that exposure to multicultural experiences is positively related to the likelihood of engaging in some creativity-supporting processes—generation of unconventional ideas (Study 2) and receptiveness to ideas originated from foreign cultures (Study 3). Finally, in Studies 4 and 5, the authors found that need for cognitive closure (or the need for firm answers) and existential terror significantly attenuated the positive link between multicultural experiences and receptiveness to ideas originated from foreign cultures. The authors discussed thes...

359 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that cultural intelligence is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities and tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers.
Abstract: Emphasizing the importance of cross-border effectiveness in the contemporary globalized world, we propose that cultural intelligence—the leadership capability to manage effectively in culturally diverse settings—is a critical leadership competency for those with cross-border responsibilities. We tested this hypothesis with multisource data, including multiple intelligences, in a sample of 126 Swiss military officers with both domestic and cross-border leadership responsibilities. Results supported our predictions: (1) general intelligence predicted both domestic and cross-border leadership effectiveness; (2) emotional intelligence was a stronger predictor of domestic leadership effectiveness, and (3) cultural intelligence was a stronger predictor of cross-border leadership effectiveness. Overall, results show the value of cultural intelligence as a critical leadership competency in today's globalized world.

289 citations

BookDOI
16 Dec 2013
TL;DR: This book discusses culture in a historical context, the psychology of culture, and the role of language in the development of modern culture.
Abstract: About the Authors. Preface. Chapter 1 What Is Culture? Culture in the News. The Concept of Culture in Historical Context. Categories of Culture. Definition of Culture. Organization of the Book. What is Social about Social Psychology of Culture? Chapter 2 Strategies for Describing Culture. Culture in the News ! and Fairy Tales. Describing Cultural Variations. The Global Approach. The Focal Approach. Summary and Conclusion. Chapter 3 Psychological Foundation of Human Culture. Culture in the News. Ape Cultures. Human Cultures. Cognitive Foundation of Human Cultures. Social Psychological Foundation of Human Culture. Nature, Culture, and Mind. Chapter 4 What is Culture For? Fact or Hoax? Biological and Cultural Evolution. What Does Culture Do for the Survival of the Species? What Does Culture Do for a Society? What Does Culture Do for the Individual? Conclusion . Chapter 5 Culture as Mental Habits: Shared Unintended Thoughts. Culture Travelers' Journal. Taxonomy of Knowledge. Interpretive Cautions. Mental Habits as Procedural Knowledge. The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Conclusion. Chapter 6 Culture, Self, and Others: Who Am I and Who Are They? Culture and Architecture. Person Representations. Representations of Other People. Representations of the Self . Representations of Groups. Conclusion. Chapter 7 Events and Norms: How Events Unfold and What We Should Do. Cultural Psychology in Public Bathrooms. Event Representations. Norm Representations. Conclusion. Chapter 8 Organization and Application of Cultural Knowledge. Cultural Icons. Organization of Cultural Knowledge: Is Culture a Coherent Meaning System? Multiple Determinants of Cultural Behavior. Relative Influence of Different Determinants. The Context of Cultural Knowledge. Conclusion. Chapter 9 Reproduction of Culture and Cultural Change. Cultural Change across the Globe. Media of Cultural Transmission. How are Shared Representations Constructed and Reproduced? Cultural Change. Conclusion. Chapter 10 Intercultural Contacts: Implications for Cultural Competence. The Rice Storm and the Butterfly Effect. Nature of Cultural Competence. Psychological Benefits of Intercultural Contacts. Psychological Costs of Intercultural Contacts. Conclusion. Chapter 11 Globalization and Multicultural Identities. Tsunami and Globalization. Migration and Globalization. Will Globalization Lead to Homogenization of Cultures? Globalization and Cultural Diversity. Migration and Management of Multicultural. Identities. Colonization and Identity Negotiation. Conclusion. Chapter 12 Scientific Study of Cultural Processes. Studying Culture in Coffee Shops. Beyond Description of Cultural Differences. Explaining Cultures. Psychic Unity and Cultural Relativity. What is Social about Social Psychology of Culture? References. Author Index . Subject Index

232 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three studies support the proposal that need for closure (NFC) involves a desire for consensual validation that leads to cultural conformity and implications for research on conflict resolution and motivated cultural cognition are discussed.
Abstract: Three studies support the proposal that need for closure (NFC) involves a desire for consensual validation that leads to cultural conformity. Individual differences in NFC interact with cultural group variables to determine East Asian versus Western differences in conflict style and procedural preferences (Study 1), information gathering in disputes (Study 2), and fairness judgment in reward allocations (Study 3). Results from experimental tests indicate that the relevance of NFC to cultural conformity reflects consensus motives rather than effort minimization (Study 2) or political conservatism (Study 3). Implications for research on conflict resolution and motivated cultural cognition are discussed.

184 citations


"Toward a social psychology of globa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For example, the need for firm answers has been shown to increase the tendency to rely on one’s heritage cultural perspective (and to exclude other cultural perspectives) as behavior guides (Chao, Zhang, & Chiu, 2010; Chiu, Morris, Hong, & Menon, 2000; Fu et al., 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that simultaneous activation of cultural representations does not determine an individual's cultural identity, but enlarges the felt distinctions between different identity options and magnifies the effects of identity choice.
Abstract: Despite the increased attention given to cultural phenomena in social psychology, the field has neglected issues related to globalization’s cultural impacts. Meanwhile, opinions in the debates over these issues are divided, polarized, and often motivated by political and ideological commitments. Globalization has brought symbols of diverse cultures together and provided ample opportunities for the simultaneous activation of two or more cultural representations. Using our research on the social cognitive consequences of activating two cultural representations simultaneously as an example, we argue for constructing a social psychology of globalization that offers nuanced understandings of people’s psychological responses to globalization. Although simultaneous activation of cultural representations does not determine an individual’s cultural identity, it enlarges the felt distinctions between different identity options and magnifies the effects of identity choice. Furthermore, in situations that emphasize appropriating intellectual resources from diverse cultures to foster creativity, simultaneous activation of cultural representations may facilitate creative performance.

108 citations


"Toward a social psychology of globa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The seeming apathy over globalization in psychology is unfortunate given that the discipline is well positioned to offer new conceptual and empirical perspectives on issues concerning the social and cultural implications of globalization (Arnett, 2002; Chiu & Cheng, 2007; Hermans & Dimaggio, 2007)....

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  • ...Based on a review of the theoretical discourses in the social sciences, Chiu and Cheng (2007, 2010) propose that when the iconic symbols of the local and global cultures are seen together in a globalized environment, “culture” will become a salient mental category for organizing perceptions; people…...

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Trending Questions (1)
Why has sensitivity and vulnerability become an issue due to globalization?

The new theoretical insights and revealing empirical analyses presented in this issue set the stage for an emergent interdisciplinary inquiry into the psychology of globalization.