Toward automated non-destructive diagnosis of chloride attack on concrete structures by near infrared spectroscopy
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-destructive and contactless equipment was used to evaluate the chloride ion on concrete, with near infrared spectroscopy, and the method to extract the absorption peak of Friedel's salt by Bayes' theorem for quantitative evaluation was investigated.
About: This article is published in Construction and Building Materials.The article was published on 2021-10-25 and is currently open access. It has received 6 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Friedel's salt & Chloride.
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01 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the chloride binding of several hydrated phases (C-S-H, monosulfate, hydroxy-AFm, AFt, CH, and Friedel's salt) has been studied and estimated in relation to the chloride content of the pore solution.
Abstract: A new hydration model of OPC [1, 2] was used in this study. The quantities of hydration products were calculated for saturated state hydration and for samples that have been dried to 11% rh after hydration. The chloride binding of several hydrated phases (C-S-H, monosulfate, hydroxy-AFm, AFt, CH, and Friedel's salt) has been studied and estimated in relation to the chloride content of the pore solution. Combining two new isotherms, for C-S-H and AFm chloride binding in hardened cement paste, and the computed quantities of all hydration products, a new formula for the chloride binding capacity of OPC pastes has been deduced. The new model is based on the chloride binding abilities of each hydrated phase, and therefore can distinguish between their contributions at different free chloride concentrations. When compared to experimental data, the results obtained using this new chloride binding isotherm have proven to accurately describe the chloride binding capacity of OPC pastes, results being within 12% of the experimental values for the whole range of free chloride concentrations considered, of up to 3 M.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a hybrid one dimensional-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and attention-based bidirectional gated recurrent unit (Bi-GRU) neural network was proposed to detect sand gravel moisture content with NIR spectrum.
6 citations
Journal Article•
1 citations
29 Oct 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used for investigating the electronic states of a strongly correlated electron system, which is useful for extracting physical properties of strongly correlated systems.
Abstract: Core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a useful measurement technique for investigating the electronic states of a strongly correlated electron system. Usually, to extract physical in...
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed a methodology for quantifying the uncertainty of measurements taken on-site where the random properties of concrete play a role, and showed that the error of assessment is a function of the chloride content and follows a student distribution.
Abstract: Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in harbors are designed for long life (50–70 years) and are subjected to chloride-induced corrosion. Diagnosis of these structures usually relies on inspections which consist of ponding salt in the concrete cover with semi-destructive testing (SDT). Uncertainties in inspection result in bad diagnosis, and consequently in bad decisions. This study aims at developing a methodology for quantifying the uncertainty of measurements taken on-site where the random properties of concrete play a role. This assessment was performed through multiple measurements by three operators from two laboratories on the same cores extracted from a 27-year-old existing bridge located in Ireland. A total of 566 measurements are available. The effect of the operator, laboratory, and protocols are highlighted and then modeled. It is shown that the error of assessment is a function of the chloride content and follows a student distribution. The standard deviation of this error reached approximately 15% of the chloride content. This error is further propagated through the Fick law parameters for measuring its effect on the diagnosis: a 17% change of the probability of corrosion initiation is shown. This is the first study of this type with in situ inspections and the work is partly transferable to other coastal or offshore structures.
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a new framework for the construction of reversible Markov chain samplers that jump between parameter subspaces of differing dimensionality, which is flexible and entirely constructive.
Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian computation have until recently been restricted to problems where the joint distribution of all variables has a density with respect to some fixed standard underlying measure. They have therefore not been available for application to Bayesian model determination, where the dimensionality of the parameter vector is typically not fixed. This paper proposes a new framework for the construction of reversible Markov chain samplers that jump between parameter subspaces of differing dimensionality, which is flexible and entirely constructive. It should therefore have wide applicability in model determination problems. The methodology is illustrated with applications to multiple change-point analysis in one and two dimensions, and to a Bayesian comparison of binomial experiments.
6,188 citations
TL;DR: Observations by infrared transillumination in the exposed heart and in the brain in cephalo without surgical intervention show that oxygen sufficiency for cytochrome a,a3, function, changes in tissue blood volume, and the average hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin equilibrium can be recorded effectively and in continuous fashion for research and clinical purposes.
Abstract: The relatively good transparency of biological materials in the near infrared region of the spectrum permits sufficient photon transmission through organs in situ for the monitoring of cellular events. Observations by infrared transillumination in the exposed heart and in the brain in cephalo without surgical intervention show that oxygen sufficiency for cytochrome a,a3, function, changes in tissue blood volume, and the average hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin equilibrium can be recorded effectively and in continuous fashion for research and clinical purposes. The copper atom associated with heme a3 did not respond to anoxia and may be reduced under normoxic conditions, whereas the heme-a copper was at least partially reducible.
3,725 citations
TL;DR: NIRS is a simple bedside technique for the assessment of hemodynamic alterations accompanying brain activation using near infrared spectroscopy and it is demonstrated that these findings are not due to alterations in skin blood flow.
1,079 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, a basic approach creating some data classical least squares inverse least squares factor spaces principal component regression PCR in action partial least squares PLS in action appendix A - matrices and matrix operations appendix B - errors -some definitions of terminology appendix C - centering and scaling appendix D - F-tests for reduced eigenvalues appendix E - leverage and influence.
Abstract: Basic approach creating some data classical least-squares inverse least-squares factor spaces principal component regression PCR in action partial least squares PLS in action appendix A - matrices and matrix operations appendix B - errors -some definitions of terminology appendix C - centering and scaling appendix D - F-tests for reduced eigenvalues appendix E - leverage and influence.
602 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environments and proposed four different types of binding isotherms to describe the relationship between free and bound chloride.
588 citations