Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.
TL;DR: This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth, summarizing the theoretical and experimental achievements and endeavors to realize the practical applications of lithium metal batteries.
Abstract: The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...
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TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art advances in active materials, electrolytes and cell chemistries for automotive batteries are surveyed, along with an assessment of the potential to fulfil the ambitious targets of electric vehicle propulsion.
Abstract: It is widely accepted that for electric vehicles to be accepted by consumers and to achieve wide market penetration, ranges of at least 500 km at an affordable cost are required. Therefore, significant improvements to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of energy density and cost along the battery value chain are required, while other key performance indicators, such as lifetime, safety, fast-charging ability and low-temperature performance, need to be enhanced or at least sustained. Here, we review advances and challenges in LIB materials for automotive applications, in particular with respect to cost and performance parameters. The production processes of anode and cathode materials are discussed, focusing on material abundance and cost. Advantages and challenges of different types of electrolyte for automotive batteries are examined. Finally, energy densities and costs of promising battery chemistries are critically evaluated along with an assessment of the potential to fulfil the ambitious targets of electric vehicle propulsion. Electrification is seen as the future of automotive industry, and deployment of electric vehicles largely depends on the development of rechargeable batteries. Here, the authors survey the state-of-the-art advances in active materials, electrolytes and cell chemistries for automotive batteries.
1,826 citations
TL;DR: The potential of MXenes for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water, such as dye waste, is addressed, along with their promise as catalysts for ammonium synthesis from nitrogen.
Abstract: Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), a family of two-dimensional (2D) inorganic compounds, are materials composed of a few atomic layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. Ti3C2, the first 2D layered MXene, was isolated in 2011. This material, which is a layered bulk material analogous to graphite, was derived from its 3D phase, Ti3AlC2 MAX. Since then, material scientists have either determined or predicted the stable phases of >200 different MXenes based on combinations of various transition metals such as Ti, Mo, V, Cr, and their alloys with C and N. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have shown their exciting potential for energy conversion and electrochemical storage. To this end, we comprehensively summarize the current advances in MXene research. We begin by reviewing the structure types and morphologies and their fabrication routes. The review then discusses the mechanical, electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties of MXenes. The focus then turns to their exciting potential in energy storage and conversion. Energy storage applications include electrodes in rechargeable lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and supercapacitors. In terms of energy conversion, photocatalytic fuel production, such as hydrogen evolution from water splitting, and carbon dioxide reduction are presented. The potential of MXenes for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water, such as dye waste, is also addressed, along with their promise as catalysts for ammonium synthesis from nitrogen. Finally, their application potential is summarized.
1,201 citations
TL;DR: Li metal anodes are well known to be one of the most promising anodes due to their ultra-high capacity (3,860 mAh g −1 ) and the very low standard negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V) as discussed by the authors.
865 citations
771 citations
TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...
726 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the equilibrium and free surface sublimation pressures of bismuth telluride were determined by the torsion−effusion and torsionslangmuir techniques, respectively.
Abstract: The equilibrium and free surface sublimation pressures of bismuth telluride were determined by the torsion‐effusion and torsion‐Langmuir techniques, respectively. Based on a least‐square fit, the expression for the equilibrium pressure in the temperature range of 722°–828°K was found to be: , where is the absolute temperature and the given uncertainties are the standard deviations. A similar treatment of the results of free surface pressure over basal plane oriented single crystals gave the following expression for the apparent total pressure in the temperature range of 741°–793°K: . Assuming the sublimation reaction , average third‐law enthalpies and activation enthalpies of sublimation at 298°K were found to be , respectively. Calculated values of the sublimation coefficient varied from 0.14 at 722°K to 0.39 at 828°K.
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08 Jul 2010
TL;DR: Li-air batteries have attracted intensive attentions due to its promising potential of the highest energy density among all energy storage systems as mentioned in this paper, and a novel technology to fabricate 1 Ah pouch-type Li-air battery is successfully developed in a laboratory.
Abstract: Li-air batteries have attracted intensive attentions due to its promising potential of the highest energy density among all energy storage systems. Currently, almost all investigations were conducted under pure oxygen or dry air condition, which is hugely different from the practical applications. A novel technology to fabricate 1 Ah pouch-type Li-air batteries is successfully developed in our laboratory. With a special package material, Melinex (ML) membrane, our pouch type lithium air batteries can be operated in ambient condition for more than a month. 1-4 Fig. 1 depicts the schematic configuration and photo of these Li-air batteries. In a prismatic pouch-type Li-air battery, ML membrane does not have enough mechanical strength to hold the whole electrode assembly (air electrode/separator/Li/separator/air electrode) tightly. Consequently, the performances of the initial pouchcells are poor and not repeatable from sample to sample. Therefore a surface-modified polypropylene separator is utilized to address this interfacial instability. As shown in Fig.2, the cell with this approach delivers a total capacity of 1, 277 mAh, or 2, 793 mAh/g of carbon, and an energy density of 344 Wh/kg based on the weight of the full cell. The whole measurement lasts for 38.5 days. These results demonstrate that the modified separator is an effective way to stabilize the interfacial contact and improve pouch cell’s discharge performance. It also shows that ML membrane is a good moisture barrier for extended operation of Li-air batteries.
1 citations